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124 NEW BOOKS. application seems to us to call for especial praise. This singularly difficult subject has, perhaps, never been more successfully handled m a popular style. On the other hand, we might have wished for a more adequate account of the Aristotelian theory of method than that given at pp. 113-18. And in the chapter on Ethics the author certainly seems to exaggerate the difference between Aristotle and Plato. It is scarcely just to the author of the Republic to represent him as regarding this life merely or mainly as a preparation for the next. Possibly again too much is made of Aristotle's own preference for a " contemplative " life. After all, Aristotle cannot be said to present the fiios fowp/jriiciis as the one ideal for all mankind. A. K. i . Einleitung in die Philosophie. Von Prof. Dr. WILHELM JERUSALEM. Wien und Leipzig : Wilhelm Braunmiiller. Pp. vi., 189. An extremely weU-written little book. It deals from the author's dis- tinctive stand-point with the whole range of philosophical problems, treating successively of the nature and function of Philosophy, of the method and scope of the various philosophical disciplines, of Epistem- ology, of Ontology, of Esthetics, and of Ethics and Sociology. The author belongs to the rapidly increasing group of thinkers who found Philosophy on Psychology. In particular a certain psychological theory of the nature of Judgment dominates his whole work. The essence of all Judgments consists, according to Dr. Jerusalem, in " reference to a centre of force," which is ultimately founded in the immediate experience of voluntary movement. We interpret our sense experience as implying the existence of wills other than our own, and in so doing we become aware of external things as substances and causes. In the treatment of ^Esthetics Prof. Jerusalem advocates a play-theory. He regards artistic activity as an exercise of energies which are not called into action in the practical business of life. He finds the basis of morality in the essentially social nature of man and not hi any a priori law. The author's own peculiar views are more obtrusively advocated than they ought to be in a work of this sort. But the book has many merits, and in particular it is distinguished by a rare lucidity of style and arrangement. Kosmini e Spencer. Studio espositivo-critico di Filosofia Morale. Del Prof. GIOVANNI VIDARI. Milano, 1899. Pp. xiii., 297. This volume is a successful prize essay. In 1894 the commission appointed to bestow what is known in Italy as the 'premio Ravizza' gave as the subject of competition for that and the following year ' an exposition of the moral principles of the traditional or spiritualistic school (Eosmini, etc.), and of the positivist or materialist school (Spencer, etc.) ' ; and last February the prize was unanimously adjudicated to the work of Prof. Vidari of Sondrio. It is in some respects a highly creditable performance. To begin with, the method is eminently philosophical. After a general introduction in which the relations of the two representative thinkers to then- respective ages are briefly indicated, we are given a detailed exposition of Rosrnini's ethics, followed by a critical section, which again falls into two divisions, the first dealing with the system under discussion as a product of personal and historical factors, while in the second it is considered as a pure theory in reference to the demands of logic. An equal space is then devoted to