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DR. WARD'S REFUTATION OF DUALISM. 357 the indictment against Naturalism, before considering the argument of Part iv. What Dr. Ward understands by Naturalism is a " doctrine that separates Nature from God, subordinates Spirit to Matter, and sets up unchangeable law as supreme. It means . . . ' the extension of the province of what we call matter and causation and the concomitant banishment from all regions of human thought of what we call spirit and spontaneity . . . [till] the realm of matter and law is co- extensive with knowledge, with feeling, with action '. This naturalistic philosophy consists in the union of three funda- mental theories : (1) the theory that nature is ultimately resolvable into a single vast mechanism ; (2) the theory of evolution, as the working of this mechanism ; and (3) the theory of psycho-physical parallelism, or conscious automa- tism, according to which theory mental phenomena occasion- ally accompany but never determine the movements and interactions of the material world " (i., 186). l These three theories accordingly the author considers in Parts i., ii. and iii. of his book. He here accepts provision- ally the mechanical view of the universe, and traces its development and implications, and it is only when it has been shown to be a broken reed even in the hands of its adherents when the unsatisfactoriness of the real principles of Naturalism as actually current has been proved from within that a complementary line of argument is taken up in Part iv., where we have an explanation of the way in which the assumptions at the root of Naturalism and Agnos- ticism grew up, and a clear exhibition of the true place and methodological character of the theory. It is as philosophy that Naturalism "aspires to resolve the actual world into an actual mechanism," holding (with Laplace) that " an intelligence who for a given instant should be acquainted with the forces by which Nature is animated, and with the several positions of the beings composing it, if further his intellect were vast enough to submit these data to analysis, would include in one and the same formula the movements of the largest bodies in the universe and those of the lightest atom. Nothing would be uncertain for him ; the future as well as the past would be present to his eyes." And as the material world includes human beings, tin- alteration of " positions " due to them has also to be taken account of, hence " before the future can be deduced from 1 The references are to Kiituriiliniii and Aynosticixm unless otherwise stated.