It is usual to include in the Ar. nasals ŋ̑, occurring only before k̑, g̑, k̑h, g̑h, and ŋ occurring only before q ɡ, etc. These are secondary sounds due to the assimilation of m, n to gutturals; and it is not certain that such assimilation had taken place in Ar. We find e.g. mt in *k̑m̥tóm still remaining in Lith. szim̃tas, § 62 i.
The Explosives.
§ 85. In Pr. Kelt. the aspirated explosives fell together with the unaspirated, thus th and dh are treated as t and d respectively; there is one exception § 92 iii. The velars fell together with the palatals, thus q, like k̑, gave k. Hence, g̑, g̑h, ɡ, ɡh all appear as g in Kelt.
§ 86. i. Ar. p (Lat. p; Gk. π; Germ. f; Skr. p) and Ar. ph (Skr. ph; Gk. φ) disappeared in Kelt. (1) initially before a vowel, (2) initially before a sonant, (3) between vowels, (4) between a vowel and a sonant, (5) between a sonant and a vowel, (6) between sonants.
Examples: (1) Ar. *pib- > Skr. píbāmi ‘I drink’, Lat. bibo (< *pibō): Ir. ibim ‘I drink’, O. W. iben juv. sk. ‘we drink’, W. yfaf ‘I drink’.—Ar. √pet- ‘fly’ > Lat. penna < *petsnā: O. W. etn, Mn. W. edn ‘bird’ < *petno‑.—Ir. athir ‘father’ < *pətēr, W. edryd ‘parentage, descent’ < *pətr̥‑t‑, edrydd ‘patrimony’ (e.g. m.a. i 247) < *pətrii̯o‑, edryf id. < *pətr̥‑m‑: Lat. pater, Gk. πατήρ, etc., Skr. pitr̥tvá‑m ‘paternity’, pítriyaḥ ‘paternal, ancestral’, Gk. πάτριος, etc.—Ir. air‑, W. ar- ‘fore‑’, Gaul. are- < *pₑri‑: Gk. παρά.—Ar. *pr̥t- > Lat. portus: O. W. rit, W. rhyd ‘ford’, § 61 i.—Ar. *pl̥̄n- > W. llawn, § 63 vii (2).
(2) Ar. *pro > Lat. pro‑, Gk. πρό, Skr. prá: Ir. ro‑, O. W. ro‑, W. rhy‑.—Ar. *plār- > O. E. flōr: Ir. lār, W. llawr ‘floor’, § 63 vii (2).—Ar. *prii̯os > Goth. freis, O. E. frēo, E. free: W. rhydd ‘free’.—W. lliaws § 75 ii (2).—W. llydan § 63 viii (1).
(3) Ar. *nepōt- > Skr. nápāt‑, Lat. nepōs: Ir. niæ, Ml. W. nei ‘nephew’, § 75 vii (2).—Ar. *upo- > Pr. Kelt. *u̯o- > Gaul. u̯o‑, Ir. fo‑, W. gw̯o‑, go‑.—W. twymn ‘hot’, twymyn ‘fever’ < *tepes-men‑, § 75 vii (2).
(4) Ir. tene ‘fire’ < *tepnet‑, W. tân id. < *tₑp‑n‑: Lat. tepeo, Skr. tápas ‘heat’.—Ir. solam, W. hylaw ‘handy’ < Pr. Kelt. *su-lām-os < Ar. *pl̥̄‑, § 63 vii (2).—W. dyro ‘give’ <
