grāre, E. break, burst, W. brych, brith ‘speckled’;—sph‑: W. hwrẟ § 100 iii (2), chw̯yrn ‘swift’ § 90 iv (1), chw̯yrnu ‘to roar, snore’; Skr. sphuráti ‘spurns, darts, bounds’, sphū́rjati ‘rumbles, roars, rattles, crashes’ < *sphu̯r̯̄ɡ‑; Lat. sperno, spargo; E. spurn, sprinkle; Gk. σφάραγος; W. ffraeth § 96 iv (1), ffroen < *sphruɡ-nā (ru < u̯r̥);—p(h)‑: W. erch ‘speckled’, Gk. περκνός; W. arch-fa ‘stench’ < *phₑr’q‑; arogleu ‘a smell’, compound pₑroqo-prāɡ‑?—(p…ɡ > t…ɡ § 86 ii (3)) trywyẟ ‘scent’, trwyn ‘nose’ < *pruɡ-no‑, trawaf ‘I strike’ < *prug- (ru < u̯r̥);—spr > sr § 101 ii (3): W. rhuo ‘roar, talk loudly’ < *srogi̯‑, Gk. ῥέγχω, ῥέγκω, ῥόγχος, ῥύγχος, W. rhoch ‘snore’.
§ 98. i. (1) In Gk. and Kelt, a dental explosive sometimes appears after a guttural where the other languages have s; this is explained by the supposition that Ar. possessed after gutturals another spirant, similar to E. th in think, W. th, which is written þ. After an aspirated media, as s became z, § 96 i, so þ became ð; thus ghþ > ghð (gðh). Brugmann² I 790 ff.
(2) Ar. k̑þ- (Lat. s‑, Gk. κτ‑, Skr. kṣ‑) gave Kelt. t‑. Thus W. tydwet, tydwed[1] b.b. 20, 36 ‘soil, land’ < *tit‑: Lat. situs ‘site’, Gk. κτίσις ‘settlement’, κτίζω ‘I found’, Skr. kṣití‑ḥ ‘abode, earth, land’: √k̑þei̯- ‘earth’, see (3) below.
Ar. ‑k̑þ- (Lat. ‑x‑, Gk. ‑κτ‑, Skr. ‑kṣ‑) gave Kelt. ‑kt‑. Thus W. arth ‘bear’, Ir. art < *artos < *arktos: Gk. ἄρκτος, Lat. ursus < *urcsos, Skr. ŕ̥kṣaḥ: Ar. *ark̑þos, *r̥k̑þos § 63 v (2).
(3) Ar. g̑hð- (Lat. h‑, Gk. χθ‑, Skr. h‑, Germ. g‑, Lith. ž‑) gave Kelt. d‑. Thus Ir. indhe, W. doe ‘yesterday’ < *desī = Lat. heri: Gk. χθές, Skr. hyáḥ, § 75 vii (2); this occurs medially in W. neithi̯w͡yr ‘last night’ 78 i (2) for *neith-ẟi̯w͡yr < *nokti di̯eserāi (assuming the case to be loc.): O. H. G. gestaron, E. yester‑, Lat. hesternus: Ar. *g̑hði̯es‑, suff. *‑ero‑/‑tero‑.—W. ty-ẟyn ‘a measure of land, a small farm’ lit. ‘*house-land’, tref-ẟyn b.t. 14, gwely-ẟyn (gwelitin b.b. 64), Ml. pl. tyẟynneu for *‑ẟy̆́ni̯eu < *domi̯‑: Lat. humus, Gk. χθών: Ar. *g̑hðem- ‘earth’; allied to this as meaning ‘terrestrial’ are the names for ‘man’: W. dyn, Ir. duine < *doni̯o- < *g̑hðomi̯‑: Lat. homo, Lith. žmů̃, žmo-gùs pl. žmónės, Goth, guma pl. gumans: Ar. *g̑hðem‑. This may be for *g̑hði̯em- as Pedersen suggests, Gr. i 89–90; in that case the root must be *g̑hðei̯‑, which therefore must be the same as
- ↑ In Late W. wrongly spelt tudwedd from a fancied relation to tud ‘people’, whence ‘country’. The examples in b.b. both rhyme with ‑ed.
