vii. metha gan ' fails ', synna ar ' is astonished ' :
Pan fethodd genni' ddyfiisio B.C. 15 ' when I failed to guess', lit. ' when guessing failed with me ' ; metha gan y buan ddianc Amos ii 14 ; si/nnawdd arnaf D.G. 386 'I was astonished at', synnodd arnynt Matt, xiii 54.
These verbs began to take the person for the subject in the Late Mn. period ; as synnodd pawb Marc ii 1 2. The transition stage is seen in synnodd arno wrth weled Act. viii 1 3, where weled is no longer, as it should be, the subject ; the next step is synnodd ef; then synnais, etc., in all persons.
Other verbs are used in a similar way in the 3rd sg., but not exclusively ; hiraethodd arno ' he longed ' ; llawenhaodd arno ' he was rejoiced ' ; lleshaodd iddo ' profited him ' ; gorfu, arno or iddo ' he was obliged ' ; perthyn iddo or arno ' belongs to him ' ; digwyddodd iddo 1 it happened to him ', etc. The subject is usually a v.n. : digwyddodd iddo syrthio l he happened to fall ' ; gorfii arno fyned ' he was obliged to go '.
§ 197. i. The verb genir ' is born ' is used in the impersonal only ; ind. pres. (and fut.) genir , impf. genid, aor. ganed, also Late Mn. W. ganwyd, plup. Ml. ganadoeb, ganydoeb, ganyssit, Mn. ganasid ; subj. pres. ganer ; v.n. geni.
Although the forms, except in the pres., are, as in other verbs, passive in origin, they take the impers. construction, being accom- panied by objective pronouns. The v.n. takes the obj. gen. : cyn fy ngeni ' before my birth ', lit. ' before the bearing of me '.
genir, ganer, ganet IL.A. 37, genit, geni do. ii,ganadoe8 H.M. ii 263, ganydoeS R.B.B. in, ganyssit do. 286.
A 3rd. sg. aor. genis 'begat' occurs in C.M. 19, in a translation, and is prob. artificial.
ii. genir < Brit. *ganl-re < *g e ne-, V gene- : Lat. gigno, Gk. yiyvo- fjai, etc. The ganad- in the plup. is the perf. pass. part. *ganatos < *g e n9-to-s ; prob. -yd- is due to the anal, of ydoedd.
§ 198. i. Ml. W. heb yr, heb y, or heb ' says, said ' is used for all persons and numbers ; the yr or y is not the definite article, as it occurs not only before proper names, but before pronouns. The Mn. W. forms corresponding to the above are ebr, ebe, eb. In Recent W. the form ebe (with -e for Ml. y 16 iv (2) ) is some- times wrongly written ebai, the -e being mistaken for a dialectal reduction of the imp ending -ai 6 iii.
Oes, arglwyo, heb yr ynteu W.M. 386 ' Yes, lord, said he ' ; heb yr ef ib. ' said he ' ; heb yr wynt do. 185 ' said they ' ; heb yr Arthur do. 386
' said A.' ; heb y mi do. 46 ' said I ' ; heb y jxiwb do. 36 ' said every-
