(2) -ael or -el, in gafael, gafel 188 ii (3), 201 ii (i) ; ca/ael, caff el, cael 188 i (8) ; dyrchafael 188 iii; gadael beside gadu 201 ii (a) ; gallael beside yallu ' to be able '. Probably -ael is original only in gafael 188 iv.
(3) -ach, in cyfeddach ' to carouse ', prystellach, ymdesach, din- darddach, caentach p 5/x R. These have no verbs. The ending is sometimes substituted for another : chwiliach ' to pry ' for chivilip ( to seek *.
(4) The above are v.n.'s from Vag- seen in -ha- stems ; thus -aeth <*-ak-ta (<-dk-<-o-ak- ; the a would be shortened before let even though accented) 201 iii (4) (6), with *-ta suffix as in bod 'to be ' < *bhurta. -- ael : Ir. -ail < *-ag-li-s, with fern. *-li- suff. ; the suff. *-li- forms fern, abstract nouns in Slavonic also, and Armenian has an infinitive suff. -I. -- ach<*-aks-<*-ag-s-, perhaps *-ag-sen ; cf. Gk. φέρειν < *φέρε-σεν.
ii. (1) -ofain, Ml. W. -ovein, -ovant occurs beside -aw in wylofain, Ml. W. wylovein IL.A. 117, 154, cwynovein s.cf. 343, cvinowant B.B. 46. A similar formation is digofain G. 132 ' wrath ', later usually digofaint, abstr. noun.
(2) -fan(n), -fa, in cwynfan. Ml. W. kwynvan IL.A. 154, beside cwynaw, cwyno ; gribvan IL.A. 154, Mn. W. griddfan whence vb. griddfannaf, gribva R.M. 132; ehedfan Ml. W. ehetvan, beside ehedeg, vb. ehedaf * I fly '.
(3) -ain, Ml. -ein, in ttefain, ttevein R.M. 132, vb. lief of * I cry ' ; llemain, late llamu, Ml. llemein, vb. llamaf ' I leap ' ; germain ' to cry', Ml. germein, no verb; ochain, vb. oc/iaf; ubain, diasbedain with no verbs. With -t in diobeifeint IL.A. 129 'suffering', Mn. W. dioddefaint, only occurring as an abstract noun.
(4) cwynaw < Brit. loc. *kein-a-men, denom. from *qeino-, 101 ii (2) ; ct0ywo/imi from the dat. of the same stem, *&em-a-w e < *-m e nai : Gk. 8o-^u,vai, Skr. da-mane ' to give '. -- ovant represents another case, prob. loc. *-a-m e ni ; -ant < -ann < *- e n-, 62 i (2). -fan(n), -fa represents the same case as the last, but with a different accent ; thus griddfan ' to groan ' < *grido-m e ni, V ghrewF- : O.E. granian, E. groan ; cwynfan is similar, or formed by analogy. lief ' cry ' < TSritSlemen < *lep-men, < *lep- : Skr. Idpati ' chatters, murmurs, laments ' ; lief ain is the dative *lemanl< *lep-m e nai ; llefaf is a denom. from lief, Similarly garm 95 ii (3), germain < *gar-sm e nai ; no verb was formed for this ; llam : llemain, vb. llamaf denom. From these -ain was deduced and added to the intjs. ub and och and to the noun diaspad (diasbad) 'cry '; vb. ochy IL.A. 154 ' groanest', ocha G. 196.
