and Manning; and the narratives of two of these are printed for the first time in this volume. But a magnificent view of the Central Chain was obtained by Dr. Hooker from the Donkia pass, looking north, and it has been traversed, in four different places, by explorers employed by Colonel Montgomerie. [t_ eoutains several snowy peaks and large glaciers, while transverse saddles intersect the region between it and the Southern Range of the Himdlaya. Tibet extends, as a rule, to the passes over the Southern Range.
Tibet, the name now adopted by Europeans, came from the Turks and Persians, and is unknown in the country. Formerly the name used in the west was Tangut, the origin of which has been explained by Colonel Yule.’ But the true name is Bod andBodyul, called Bhot and Bhotiya in India, literally “ Bod Land.” ‘Tibet or Bodyulis divided into four great provinces, called Kam, U, Tsang, and Ari, Kam is the eastern province, bordering on - Szechuen, in China; and Ari is the mountainous region west of the Mariam-la pass, including Ladak.* U and Tsang, or Utsang, - form Central or Great Tibet, extending from the Mariam-la down the valley of the Brahmaputra, bounded on the north by _ the great Northern Himélayan Range, and on the south by the — series of snowy peaks overhanging Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan, Great Tibet thus embraces the region between the N leone: and Bhs 4 ‘Maroo Polo,’ i. p. 2092. The ie Klaproth, Mr, T. T. Cooper, in the ‘ Mongols called ‘Tibet by the name of narrative of his adventurous journey to. Baran-tola (3.W.), or the “right side,” whilo Mongolia waa called Dzegun-tola, or the left (N.E.) side; hinee, Dzune garia (i. p. 216). 2 A great part of Ari has been ex- plored and desoribed by many Huropean travellers and surveyors during the present century, whose works are enu- merated. by me in the ‘Memoir on the - Indian Surveys,’ p. 247, and note. ‘Kam is still almost entirely unknown. Hue and Gabet traversed it on their return from Lhasa to Szechuen. An itinerary of the same route is given by Bhatang, gives additiona] inforniation respecting the eastern province of Tibet (see ‘ Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce in Pigtail and Petticoats, London, 1871); and M. Des Godins furnishes — further details, especially as regards the geography of the great rivers suppoted to be the upper courses of the Cambodia, Salwin, and Irrawaddy, (See‘ La Mis- | sion du Thibet,’ par O. H. Des Godins, Verdun, 1872; and the ‘ Bulletin de la Socitté de Géographie’ for Nov. 1s7ly p. 343, and Oct., 1875, Ps sigh
