ii s. iv. DEC. 2, MIL] NOTES AND QUERIES.
451
to represent a flower in allusion to the old
legend, without, perhaps, any very definite
certainty of the flower intended to be repre-
sented (v. A. C. Fox-Davies, ' A Complete
Guide to Heraldry-' 1909, p. 273).
A. R. BAYLEY.
Let old Guillim answer this question. Here are his words :
" But their opinion is more probable who, by the Blazon of the Shield of France, would shew that the first Frankes .... gave unto them azure which resembleth the water (which being calme representeth the colour of the Heavens) and therein three fiower-de-lis, or, which doe grow plentifully in these Marches. Other affirm that the same was sent by an Angell from Heaven to Clovis the first Christian King of France. But Gregory of Towers in his ' History ' mentioned no such thing, neither does it appeare that they beare those Armes before the time of King Pippine but after the time of Lewis Le Grosse, at which time it seemeth that Armories beganne to become hereditarie and were transferred from father to sonne in each family."
HUGH S. MACLEAN. Bury, Lanes.
John Guillim, a painstaking writer on heraldry in the early seventeenth century, accepts the statement of three toads having been the early arms of France, and further suggests a reason for their adoption. He says (' Display of Heraldrie,' 1611, p. 150) :
" The field is Sol, three Toades, erected Saturne. This coate-armour was long time borne by the Kings of France, for the Boyall Ensigne of their soueraigne gpuernment, vntill Colodoneus the son of Chilpricke leauing these did assume three
Flowres de Lyces Sol in a Field Jupiter ;
Toades and Frogs doe communicate this naturall property, that when they sit, they hold their heads steady and without motion : which stately action Spencer in his ' Shepheards Calender calleth the Lording of Frogs. The Bearing of Toades (after the opinion of some Armorists) doth signifie a hasty Cholericke man, that is easily stirred up to anger, whereuntp he is natur- ally prone of himselfe, hauing an inbred poison from his birth."
WM. NORMAN.
The arms of France are said to have been three frogs or toads, which were changed into fleurs-de-lis by Clovis when he became a Christian. Much about it has been printed at 2 S. viii. 471 ; ix. 113 ; 8 S. x. 14. But it has been shrewdly suspected that there never was any real variation, the mistake arising from the similarity in outline of the two charges. By looking up the references in the General Indexes under ' Fleur-de-lis ' several other origins will be found.
W. C. B.
[MR. DOUGLAS OWEN is also thanked for reply.]
MUNICIPAL RECORDS PRINTED (11 S. ii.
287, 450, 529 ; iii. 493 ; iv. 131, 390).
Of the following Livery Companies his-
tories or sketches have been published, of
various degrees of value and bulk, ranging
from the 20 octavo pages about the Homers
to the 623 large paper concerning the
Barber Surgeons. I have not given the full
titles, the list merely indicating those of
which a title is in the B.M. Catalogue,
where some are to be found under the
author's name, some under London Livery
Companies, some under both. There are
also a few in the Guildhall Library which
I have not seen.
LIVERY COMPANIES.
History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies of London ; principally compiled from their Grants and Records, with an Historical Essay, and Accounts of each Company, &c. By Wm. Herbert. 2 vols. (1837, 1836.) The Com- panies are Brewers, Clothworkers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Grocers, Haber- dashers, Ironmongers, Leathersellers, Mercers, Merchant Tailors, Salters, Skinners, Vintners. Index of Matters.
Apothecaries. History of the Society of A. By C. B. B. Barrett. (1905.) Index, but faulty with regard to names.
Armourers and Brasiers. The Ceremonial and Observances of the Worshipful Company of A. and B., in the City of London, in holding Courts and other Meetings, Elections, Admis- sions, and Entertainments. By C. J. Shoppee. (1885.) Index of Matters.
The Barbers' Company. By G. Lambert. (1890.) Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, VI. 123-89. Index at end of volume.
History of the Barber-Surgeons of London. By T. J. Pettigrew. (1853.) Journal of the British Arch. Assoc., Vol. VIII. pp. 95-130. Very few names, which do not appear in the Index to the volume.
Barber-Surgeons. Annals of the B.-S. of London, compiled from their Records and other Sources. By S. Young. (1890.) Table of Contents, Chronological Lists, and Index Rerum et Nominum.
Anglise Notitia, or the Present State of England. (1669.) On the fly-leaves of the first edition is a MS. list of names, &c., of the College of Physicians. This contains some well-known names, and is ten years older than the earliest published by the College of Phy- sicians see next entry.
College of Physicians. An Exact Account of all who are the present Members of the King's College of Physicians in London, and others authorized by them to Practise in the said City, and within seven miles compass thereof, whereby Ignorant and Illegal Pretenders to the exercise of the said Faculty may be discovered, &c. Fellows, Candidates, Honorary Fellows, Licentiates. (1676.)
The next lists are for 1683, 1688, 1693, 1694, 1695, enlarged 1695, Badger's List 1659-95 (alphabetical) ; then 1704, 1705, 1706 (this has addresses), and so on till the last in 1786.
