THE JERUSALEM CROSS.
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We find further the form:
a repeated cross, as each arm of the chief cross forms also a cross, hence one may count five crosses, as in the Jerusalem Cross. Another form is thus:
in which one centre cross and four angle arms are five;
[1] and yet another, the double cross, thus: 
in which to a Latin or Greek cross is added a St. Andrew's Cross. The cross for an archbishop had two crossbeams, thus:[2] 
and that for the Pope three, thus: 
In all these figures I have shown the beams of equal thickness, and most of them with plain ends. But many crosses were distinguished or ornamented with figures of some kind, and the ends decorated. Of the latter I mention 
lilies. 
clover, or 
, 
arrow, 
anchor, 
balls or apples, 
swallow-tail, &c.
- ↑ Note by Professor Hayter Lewis:—The
is a well known as the sign (the Labarum) which Constantine saw in the sky, and is composed of the two first Greek letters, X and P of the name of Our Lord (Χριστος).As to this there is no doubt whatever. The 
was, most probably, composed of the same letters, differently arranged, and referring more particularly to the crucifixion.The 
is an Eastern symbol of the sun, but used also in early times by the Christians.There is a well-known example of it in one of the Roman catacombs.
- ↑ Such a cross is engraved on the rock scarp at (or near) the entrance to the rock-cut tomb called "General Gordon's," outside Jerusalem, to the north.
