SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES.
[ABBREVIATIONS.—Am. J. Ps. = American Journal of Psychology; Ar.f. G. Ph. = Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie; Int. J. E. = International Journal of Ethics; Phil. Jahr . = Philosophisches Jahrbuch; Phil. Mon. Philosophische Monatshefte; Phil. Stud.= Philosophische Studien; Rev. Ph. = Revue Philosophique; R. I. d. Fil. = Rivista Italiana di Filosofia; V. f. w. Ph. = Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie; Z. f. Ph. = Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik; Z. f. Ps. u. Phys. d. Sinn. = Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane.—Other titles are self-explanatory.]
LOGICAL.
If equality is a relation between objects and not between names or signs for things, the proposition 'a = b' would not differ from 'a = a'. But the former is synthetic, the latter analytic. What we seem to express by 'a = b' is that the symbol 'a' denotes the same thing as 'b' and the relation is therefore affirmed of the symbols. But this relation is mediated through the connection of each of the symbols with the same thing. The difference of the symbols must correspond to a difference in the manner in which the thing denoted is given. We must then recognize in a name or symbol (which may consist of one or more words), over and above the object denoted (Bedeutung), its sense (Sinn) or meaning. If three straight lines, a, b, and c, intersect in a point, 'the point of intersection of a and b' will have the same denotation as 'the point of intersection of b and c' but not the same sense. The sense of such a name is always understood by every one who knows the language; a definite meaning is always attached to one sign: but a symbol may have no denotation, or more than one name may be used to denote the same object. In indirect speech symbols do not denote objects, but the meaning or sense of the speaker, or that which is commonly their meaning. The denotation of a word hi indirect speech is thus its usual sense.
We must distinguish both the denotation and the sense of a name from the representation (Vorstellung) connected with it. Not always even in the same persons is the same Vorstellung connected with the same sense. The Vorstellung is subjective, and so differs essentially
