against whom the Parthians threw the full weight of their military forces. The severity of this struggle is shown by the fact that two Parthian kings, Phraates II (138/37–ca 128 b.c.) and his successor Artabanus II (ca 128–124/23 b.c.), lost their lives in battle against the Sacae.
Individual groups may have penetrated into the heart of the Parthian empire, perhaps even as far as Mesopotamia; but the majority of the Sacae were turned back by the exertions of the Parthians, and thus the Roman orient was spared their ravages. The explanation for the close interrelation in later times between the Sacae and the Parthians lies in the contacts which occurred as the hordes moved slowly southward toward India, contacts which must also explain the Parthian cultural influences at Taxila in India. While a portion of the Sacae evidently turned southward from the great road and entered India through Ki-pin,[1] others must have passed through
- ↑ Ki-pin, which shifted its position at various periods, has not been identified with certainty. Christian Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde (2d ed.; Leipzig, 1867 and 1874), II, 369 and n. 5, and Herzfeld, "Sakastan," AMI, IV (1932), 31–35, on historical grounds believe it part of Arachosia. Lévi and Chavannes, "L'Itinéraire d'Ou K'Ong," JA, 9. sér., VI (1895), 371–84; Franke, Beiträge (APAW, 1904, No. 1), pp. 55 f., and Hirth, "Story of Chang K'ién," JAOS, XXXVII (1917), 133, suggest Kashmir, an identification to which the late Dr. Laufer agreed. Klaproth, Tableaux hist., p. 133, and Wieger, Textes historiques, I, 716, identify Ki-pin with Kabul; but, as Rapson in CHI, I, 563, pointed out, the Kabul valley was still in the possession of the Yavana princes and no numismatic evidence of the early Saca kings has been found there. See also H. W. Jacobson, An Early History of Sogdiana (unpublished dissertation, University of Chicago, 1935), pp. 14 f. Both Rapson, loc. cit., and F. W. Thomas,
