he had heard of his brother's arrest; under cover of darkness he fled with most of his family, pursued by the Parthians. Herod and his supporters managed to hold both the Parthians and the hostile Jewish group at bay and eventually reached the stronghold of Masada (es-Sebbah) to the west of the Dead Sea. The Parthians pillaged Jerusalem and the surrounding country and laid waste the city of Mareshah or Marissa (Tell Sandaḥannah). Antigonus himself bit off the ears of Hyrcanus, so that his mutilated condition might prevent his ever again holding office.[1] Phasael killed himself; Antigonus was made king in Jerusalem; and Hyrcanus was carried away to Parthia.[2] By Parthian intervention a Jewish king again sat on the throne in the Holy City; the dream of re-establishing the kingdom had become a reality. The wide extent of Parthian influence, no doubt originally through trade relations and now through military strength, is demonstrated by the rapidity with which Malchus, king of the Nabataean Arabs, obeyed Parthian orders to expel Herod from his territory.[3] This act later cost him a large sum of money.[4] Practically all of the Asiatic possessions of Rome were now either
- ↑ Cf. Lev. 21:16–23.
- ↑ Josephus Bell. i. 273 and 284 and Ant. xiv. 379 and 384 f.; Euseb. Hist. i. 6. 7; CSCO Syr., 3. ser., t. IV, Versio (1903–5), p. 83, lines 17–19. Cf. Edwyn Robert Bevan, Jerusalem under the High Priests (London, 1924), pp. 145 f.; James Darmesteter, "Les Parthes à Jérusalem," JA, 9. sér., IV (1894), 43–54.
- ↑ Josephus Bell. i. 276.
- ↑ Dio Cass. xlviii. 41.
