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POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA

of Pacorus,^[1] was put in his place. This action, taken without consulting the Roman government, may have served as an excuse for the Armenian and Parthian campaigns which followed.^[2]

Only after the completion of the Dacian Wars did Trajan find time to devote his attention to the East, where the Armenian situation or the possibilities of further conquest made easy by the state of anarchy in Parthia may have attracted him. In the autumn of 113, perhaps on October 27,^[3] the Emperor set sail from Rome.^[4] On his arrival at Athens he was met by an embassy from Osroes, who desired peace and requested that Axidares, whom he had by now de-

↑ Dio Cass. lxviii. 17 and 19. The spelling Axidares comes from Arrian Parthica frs. 37 f. and 40; Dio Cass. loc. cit. gives Exedares. The other son was Parthamasiris.
↑ So Dio Cass. lxviii. 17. 1.
↑ Arrian Parthica(?) fr. 34 f.
↑ Some of the principal works dealing with this campaign are as follows: J. Dierauer, "Beiträge zu einer kritischen Geschichte Trajans," in M. Büdinger, Untersuchungen zur römischen Kaisergeschichte (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 152–86; C. de la Berge, Essai sur le règne de Trajan ("Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études," XXXII [Paris, 1877]), pp. 155 ff.; W. D. Gray, A Study of the Life of Hadrian prior to His Accession, "Smith College Studies in History," IV 3 (Northampton, Mass., 1919), esp. pp. 183–94; A. von Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans (Tübingen, 1888), pp. 141 ff.; H. H. Sills, Trajan's Armenian and Parthian Wars (Cambridge, 1897), pp. 77 ff. (not available); Roberto Paribeni, Optimus princeps (Messina, 1926–27), II, 278–303; B. W. Henderson, Five Roman Emperors (Cambridge, 1927), pp. 318 ff.; R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan," JRS, XXI (1931), 1–35; P. L. Strack, Untersuchungen zur römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts. I. Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Traian (Stuttgart, 1931), 34 ff. and 213 ff.; A. Shalit, "The Oriental Policy of Rome from Nero to Trajan" (in Hebrew), Tarbiz, VII (1936), 159–80; Longden in CAH, XI, 236–52.

[1] Dio Cass. lxviii. 17 and 19. The spelling Axidares comes from Arrian Parthica frs. 37 f. and 40; Dio Cass. loc. cit. gives Exedares. The other son was Parthamasiris.

[2] So Dio Cass. lxviii. 17. 1.

[3] Arrian Parthica(?) fr. 34 f.

[4] Some of the principal works dealing with this campaign are as follows: J. Dierauer, "Beiträge zu einer kritischen Geschichte Trajans," in M. Büdinger, Untersuchungen zur römischen Kaisergeschichte (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 152–86; C. de la Berge, Essai sur le règne de Trajan ("Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études," XXXII [Paris, 1877]), pp. 155 ff.; W. D. Gray, A Study of the Life of Hadrian prior to His Accession, "Smith College Studies in History," IV 3 (Northampton, Mass., 1919), esp. pp. 183–94; A. von Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans (Tübingen, 1888), pp. 141 ff.; H. H. Sills, Trajan's Armenian and Parthian Wars (Cambridge, 1897), pp. 77 ff. (not available); Roberto Paribeni, Optimus princeps (Messina, 1926–27), II, 278–303; B. W. Henderson, Five Roman Emperors (Cambridge, 1927), pp. 318 ff.; R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan," JRS, XXI (1931), 1–35; P. L. Strack, Untersuchungen zur römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts. I. Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Traian (Stuttgart, 1931), 34 ff. and 213 ff.; A. Shalit, "The Oriental Policy of Rome from Nero to Trajan" (in Hebrew), Tarbiz, VII (1936), 159–80; Longden in CAH, XI, 236–52.

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