in investigating the nature of the new rays. Perhaps no outcome of such inquiries has been more remarkable than the fact observed by our Fellow Professor J. J. Thomson, that the rays have the power of discharging electricity, both positive and negative, from a body surrounded by a non-conductor; a mass of paraffin wax, for example, behaving in their path for the time being like a conductor of electricity.
It appears that Lenard had before observed the discharge of both kinds of electricity through air by the rays with which he worked. Lenard’s rays, however, differ from Rontgen’s in being deflectable by a magnet, implying, in the opinion of most British physicists, that they are emanations of highly electrified particles of ponderable matter, while Rontgen’s are regarded as vibrations in the ether. The question naturally arises whether Lenard, in the observations referred to, may not have been working with a mixture of Rontgen’s rays and his own. While points like these are still under discussion by experts, we cannot but feel that the letter X, the symbol of an unknown quantity, employed originally by Rontgen to designate his rayp, is still not inappropriate.
I have before referred to Lippmann’s beautiful demonstration and discussion of colour photography in one of our meetings.
Very important researches have been made both by Lord Rayleigh and by Professor Ramsay into the physical properties of the new substance, helium, discovered by Ramsay in the previous session. Among their most striking results is the fact ascertained by Rayleigh that the refractivity of helium is very much less than any previously known, being only 0T46; between three and four times less than that of hydrogen, the lowest that had before been observed, although helium has more than twice the density of hydrogen. And equally surprising is Ramsay’s observation of the extraordinary distance through which electric sparks will strike through helium, viz., 250 or 300 mm. at atmospheric pressure, as compared with 23 mm. for oxygen and 39 for hydrogen. Such properties appear to indicate that in helium we have to do with an exceedingly remarkable substance.
The density of helium appears to be really slightly different according to the mineral source from which it is obtained; and this •circumstance seems to give countenance to the opinion arrived at by Lockyer and also by Runge and Paschen, from spectroscopic investigation, that helium is not a perfectly pure gas. But whatever other gas or gases may be mixed with it, they must be as inert chemically as the main constituent; for all Ramsay’s elaborate attempts to induce it, or any part of it, to combine with other bodies have -entirely failed.
Professor Roberts-Austen, in the Bakerian lecture, brought before
