radiation being placed at a distance of 5 cm. from the condenser, it is found that for a thickness equal to 0·4 m.m. of the active layer, the total radiation is given by the number 28, and the proportion of the β-rays is 29 per cent. By making the layer 2 m.m. thick, i.e., five times as thick, a total radiation equal to 102, and a proportion of β-rays equal to 45 per cent are obtained. The total radiation which exists at this distance has therefore been increased in the ratio of 3·6, and the β-radiation has become five times as strong.
The preceding experiments were made by the electrical method. When the radiographic method is used, certain results seem to be in contradiction with what precedes. In the experiments of M. Villard, a beam of radium rays, subjected to the action of the magnetic field, was received on to a pile of photographic plates. The undeflected and penetrating γ-beam passed through all the plates, leaving its trace on each. The deflected β-beam produced an impression on the first plate only. This beam appeared therefore to contain no rays of great penetration.
On the contrary, in our experiments a beam which is propagated in the air contains at the greatest distances accessible to observation about 9/10 of β-rays, and the same is the case when the source of radiation is enclosed in a little sealed glass vessel. In M. Villard's experiments, these deflected and penetrating β-rays did not affect the photographic plates beyond the first, because they are to a great extent diffused in all directions by the first solid obstacle encountered, and no longer form a beam. In our experiments the rays given off by radium and transmitted through the glass of the vessel were also probably scattered by the glass, but the vessel being very small would itself act as a source of β-rays at its surface, and we were able to follow the course of the latter to a great distance from the vessel.
The cathode rays of Crookes tubes can only traverse very thin screens (aluminium screens of 0·01 m.m. thickness). A beam of rays striking the screen normally is scattered in all directions; but the diffusion becomes less with diminishing thickness of the screen, and for very thin screens the emerging beam is practically the prolongation of the incident beam.
The deflected β-rays of radium behave in a similar manner, but the transmitted beam experiences, for the same thickness of screen, a much slighter modification. According to the experiments of M. Becquerel, the very readily deflected β-rays of radium (those with a relatively
