becomes greater; being the mass of the particle, its velocity, and its charge. The cathode rays of radium are but slightly deflected, because their velocity is enormous; they are, on the other hand, very penetrating, because each particle has a very small mass together with a great velocity. But particles which, with an equal charge and a less velocity, have a greater mass, would be also only slightly influenced by the action of the field, and would give rise to very absorbable rays. From the results of Mr. Rutherford's experiments, this seems to take place in the case of the α-rays.
The penetrating γ-rays appear to be of quite another nature and similar to Röntgen rays.
We have now seen how complex a phenomenon is the radiation of radio-active bodies. The difficulties of investigation are increased by the question as to whether the radiation undergoes a merely selective absorption on the part of the material, or whether a more or less radical transformation.
Little is so far known with regard to this question. If the radiation of radium be regarded as containing rays both of the cathode and Röntgen species, it might be expected to undergo transformations in traversing screens. It is known:—Firstly, that cathode rays emerging from a Crookes tube through an aluminium window are greatly scattered by the aluminium; and, further, that the passage through the screen entails a diminution of the velocity of the rays. In this way, cathode rays with a velocity equal to 1·4 × 1010 c.m. lose 10 per cent of their velocity in passing through 0·01 m.m. of aluminium. Secondly, cathode rays on striking an obstacle give rise to the production of Röntgen rays. Thirdly, Röntgen rays, on striking a solid obstacle, give rise to the production of secondary rays, which partly consist of cathode rays.
The existence, by analogy, of all these preceding phenomena may therefore be predicted for the rays of radio-active substances.
In investigating the transmission of polonium rays through a screen of aluminium, M. Becquerel observed neither the production of secondary rays nor any transformation into cathode rays.
I endeavoured to demonstrate a transformation of the rays of polonium by using the method of interchangeable screens. Two superposed screens, e1 and e2, being traversed by the rays, the order in which they are traversed
