TUNIS 903
Lebon (A.), Rapport de la Mission au Senegal et au Soudan. Paris. 1898.
•' .), Le Sahara, le Soudan, et les Chemins de Fer Trans sahariens. Paris. :
Maekat(J.), La Guinee franchise. Les Rivieres du Snd et le Fouta Diallon. Paris, 1905.
Ma, in (L'Abbe), Vie. T.avaux, Voyages de Mgr. Hacquard des Peres Blancs (1860-1901) [Algerie, Sahara, S<>udan]. Paris, 1905.
Monteil (C), Collection de la Revue du Monde Musuljiac. Les Khassonke. Mono- graphic dune peuplade du -oudan francais. Paris, 1915.
More (Count Rene), D'Alger a Tombouctou. Paris, 1913.
Monnier (M ), La France noire : La Cote d'lvoire et le Soudan. Paris, 1894.— La Mission du Capitaine Binger. Paris, 1-&C.
01ircr(W. D.). Crags and Craters: Rambles in the Island of Reunion. London, 1896.
Ollone (Capt. d'), De la Cote d' I voire au Soudan et la Guinee. Paris, 1901.
Piolet (Pere) et Xoujflard (Ch), Madagascar. La Reunion, Mayotte, les Comores, DJiboutil. Paris, 1900.
Rreliti (E). Nouvelle Geographie Universelle. Vols. XL, III., XIII. Paris, 1886-88.
Renty (E. de), Les Chemins de Fer coloniaux en Afnque. Troisieme Partie. Chemins de Fer dans les Colonies Franchises. Paris. 1905.
Sonoltt (L.) L' Afnque Occidentale Francaise. Paris, 1911.
Toxitie (Commandant), Dahome, N'iger, Touareg. Paris, 1897.— Du Dahome an Sahara. Paris, 1899.
Verdier (A.), Trente-cinq annees de lutte aux colonies, C6te occidentale d'Afrique. Parte. i.-?7.
Victor (S.), L' Expedition du Dahomey en 1890. 2nd ed. Paris, 1893.
VUlamw (R.) and Kichaud (L). Notre Colonie de la Cdte d'lvoire. Paris, 1901.
Viteher (H . V Across the Sahara from Tripoli to Bornu. London, 1910
TUNIS. Afrikita.)
Government.— SidiMohamed En Naccur Bacha Bey, born 1855, son of Mohamed Pasha Bey, nephew of Sidi AH, former Bey of Tunis ; succeeded his cousin, Sidi Mohamed el Hadi, May 12, 1906. The heir-presumptive is Sidi Mohamed el Rabib Bey, born 1858.
> The reigning family of Tunis, occupants of the throne since 1705, descend from Hussein ben Ali, commonly believed to be a native of the Isle of Crete, who made himself master of the country, acknowledging, however, the suzerainty of the Sultan of Turkey.
After the French invasion of the country in the spring of 1881, the treaty of Kasr-es-Said (May 12, 1881), confirmed by convention signed June 8, 1883*, placed Tunis under the protectorate of France. The government is carried on under the direction of the French Foreign Office, which has a special de- partment for Tunisian affairs, under the control of a French Minister Resident- General, who is also Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a ministry of 10 heads of departments, 8 of the ministers being French and 2 Tunisian. The country is divided into 19 districts (controles civils), and 6 military circles ; the district governors (controleurs) are French ; the subordinate officials (Caids, Kahias and Sheiks) are Native. French tribunals administer justice between subjects of European powers, and also between them and natives (tribunals at Ouzara and Charaa) ; there are Native courts for cases between natives. In 1914 the Tunisian penal law was codified. French administration in Tunis has been confirmed by conventions with all the European Powers regulating the status and the conditions of trade of their respective citizens within the Regency.
French Resident-General. — Lucien Saint (appointed November 24, 1920).
Area and Population. — The present boundaries are : on the north and east the Mediterranean Sea, on the west the Franco-Algerian province of Constantine, and on the south the great desert of the Sahara and Libia. Area about 50,000 English square miles, including that portion of the Sahara which is to the east of the Beled Pjerid, extending towards Gadames.
