Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/15

CAERNARVONSHIRE CARXEADES Snowdon. Carnarvon is frequented in summer for sea bathing, and there is a handsome bath- ing establishment, and a terrace walk along the strait, terminating in a pier. The harbor admits vessels of 400 tons burden. The older and smaller part of the town is surrounded by an ancient wall. At the S. W. corner of the town is a large castle, in the tower of which Edward II., the first English prince of Wales, was born. The castle with its courtyard is a mile in circuit. Over its gateway is a statue of Edward I. Carnarvon was the site of the Ro- man station Segontium. CARNARVONSHIRE, a county of Wales, form- ing the N. W. extremity of the mainland, bor- dering on Cardigan and Carnarvon bays and Menai strait ; area, 579 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 95,694. A large part of the county is a pen- insula which extends S. W. into the Irish sea. The Snowdon range of mountains occupies the centre of the county. Of' this range Snowdon, 3,571 ft., is the highest point in Wales. Lakes are numerous, but the only river of importance is the Conway, which separates the county from Denbighshire. Not one fortieth of the county is arable land, but it is rich in minerals. The slate quarried here is one of the most im- portant mineral productions of Great Britain ; most of it is sent for shipment to Bangor. The suspension bridge built by Telford for the Great Holyhead railway, and the tubular bridge built by Stephenson for the Chester and Holyhead railway, span the river Conway and the Menai strait. CARNATIC, an ancient province of British India, on the E. coast of the peninsula, extend- ing from Cape Comorin to lat. 16 N., with an average breadth of about 90 m. ; area, about 50,000 sq. m. ; pop. estimated at 7,000,000. The province is separated into two parts by the Eastern Ghauts, which run parallel with the coast, and which cause a considerable differ- ance in climate between the table land and the seaboard ; the latter in dry weather is the hot- test part of India, the thermometer sometimes standing at 130 in the shade. The principal rivers are the Pennar, the Palar, and the Coleroon. The inhabitants are chiefly Hin- doos. The Carnatic includes the cities of Madras and Pondicherry, besides the impor- tant towns of Arcot, Madura, Tanjore, Trich- inopoly, Nellore, and Vellore. It originally formed the Hindoo kingdom of Carnata, and after various changes was finally included in the dominions of the nabob of Arcot ; and the contentions arising from a disputed succession first brought the French and English into col- lision, and ended in the transfer of the Carnatic to the East India company in 1801, the reign- ing nabob, Azim ul-Omrah, receiving a pension equal to one fifth of the revenue, and his chief officials being provided for. The last titular nabob died in 1855, without heirs. The Car- natic is now included within the administration of the presidency of Madras. The principal occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, the land being held either by Brahmans, who culti- vate it by hired labor, or by the farmers them- selves. Rice is the chief production, of which two crops a year are raised where the facilities of irrigation are good. Cotton is raised in fa- vorable situations, and upon the high land in the interior of the province millet, sugar, and indigo are produced. CARNE. I. Louis Mnnrin, count de, a French author, born at Quimper, Feb. 17, 1804. He early entered the diplomatic service. In 1839 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, where he was a follower of Lamartine. He opposed the Pritchard indemnity and other measures of Guizot's foreign policy, but in 1847 accepted the presidency over the commercial department in the ministry of foreign affairs, re- tiring after the revolution of Feb. 24, 1848. He was elected a member of the academy in 1863. In 1869 he was defeated as an ultramontane can- didate for the legislative body. His numerous publications include HJtudes sur Vhistoire clu gouvernement representatif en France de 1789 a 1848 (2 vols., 1855), and jfitudes sur lesfon- dateurs de V unite f ran false (2 vols., 1848-'56). II. Louis de, son of the preceding, born in Brit- tany in 1843, died there in 1870. After having finished his studies, he was admitted in 1863 to the commercial department of the ministry of foreign affairs ; and his uncle, Admiral La Grandiere, exciting his interest in Cochin Chi- na, he was appointed by Drouyn de Lhuys in 1865 secretary of the scientific mission to the Mekong. He distinguished himself as an ex- plorer, and wrote Voyage en Indo- Chine et dans V empire chinois, edited by his father after his death (Paris, 1872 ; translated into English, London, 1872). CARNEADES, a Greek philosopher of the Skep- tic school, considered as the founder of the third or new academy, born at Cyrene about 213 B. C., died in 129. Of the incidents of his life very little is known, -but of his brilliant qualities as a philosopher and rhetorician there is abundant testimony in the works of classic authors. In Athens he became a student of the Stoic and Skeptic doctrines, especially those of Chrysippus, of whom he afterward became the most formidable opponent. His eloquence was considered so irresistible, his logic so for- cible, that more than a century later Cicero said, " Him I would not care to challenge in debate, but would rather propitiate him, and implore his silence." It is related of him that having been sent to Rome as one of three com- missioners of the Athenian commonwealth, he one day made a speech in favor of justice, and the next day one in opposition. His arguments on either side were so convincing, and seem- ingly unanswerable, that Cato, fearing lest the public mind should be corrupted by such an exhibition of plausible arguments for immorality and injustice as well as for morality and justice, insisted upon a speedy settlement of the diplo- matic business for which Carneades had come to Rome, and his prompt dismissal from the