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CHARLES (ENGLAND) 281 any modern service, and a spirit of religious enthusiasm which equalled or surpassed the enthusiastic loyalty and chivalry of the cava- liers. The new discipline proved its power in the battles which followed. An important battle was fought at Marston moor, July 2, 1644; and at Naseby, June 14, 1645, the royal cause was totally overthrown, and the royal army dissipated. After some attempts at ne- gotiation, marked by his usual insincerity and chicane, with the leaders of the parliament and of the army, neither of whom he chose to trust, while neither dared to trust him, Charles delivered himself up to the Scots, May 5, 1646, who, on Jan. 30, 1647, gave him up to the commissioners of the English parliament. Cromwell, who as yet entertained no definite views, was prepared to play the part subse- quently played by Monk ; and Fairfax, who was averse to all extreme courses, was ready to support him. 'Yet, even now, when terms were offered him by the Independents so ad- vantageous that Sir John Berkeley, one of his trustiest adherents, declared that " a crown so near lost was never yet so easily recovered as this would be, were things adjusted on these terms," the king refused to concede anything, broke off all terms with the army, commenced new negotiations with the Presbyterians, and ultimately convinced all parties that there was no truth in him. The discovery of a fatal let- ter to his wife, in which he assured her that he designed for those rogues, Ireton and Crom- well, no reward but that " for a silken garter they should be fitted with a hempen rope," destroyed him. From that moment the chiefs of the army saw that the question lay between their own lives and his life, and they of course decided that it should not be their own, if they could help it. Having been taken on June 4 by Cornet Joyce out of the hands of the commissioners and brought to the army, then lying at Triplow heath, and now in open re- bellion against the parliament, he was taken on Aug. 16 to Hampton court, from which he escaped on Nov. 11, eventually seeking refuge with Hammond, the parliamentary governor of the Isle of Wight. Here he was imprisoned in Carisbrooke castle till Nov. 30, 1648, when, by an order of the council of officers in the army, he was removed to Hurst castle, on the opposite coast of Hampshire. The now domi- nant army promptly suppressed all risings in his favor. A force in the Presbyterian interest, under the duke of Hamilton, was routed by Cromwell at Langdale, near Preston, Aug. 17. On Dec. 6 the house of commons was invaded by Col. Pride, with a strong detachment of soldiers, and all members ejected except about 150, who were in the Independent interest. On Dec. 22 Charles was brought in custody to Windsor, and on Jan. 15, 1649, to St. James's. On Jan. 20 he was brought to trial in West- minster hall, before a high court of justice specially organized for the purpose. Sentence of death was passed upon him, Jan. 27, and he was executed by decapitation on a scaffold erected in front of the banqueting house at Whitehall. Charles I. had eight children by Queen Henrietta, six of whom survived him, viz. : Charles and James, afterward kings of England ; Henry, duke of Gloucester ; Mary, the wife of William, prince of Orange, and the mother of William III. king of England ; Eliza- beth, born in 1635, who died a prisoner in Carisbrooke castle Sept. 8, 1650; and Henri- etta Anna, the wife of Philip, duke of Or- leans, from whom, through a daughter, is de- scended the royal family of Italy. Charles was an elegant writer of English, and in the early part of his reign a zealous patron of the fine arts. The writings attributed to him are indicated in Horace Walpole's "Royal and Noble Authors," and have been published under the title of Reliquiae /Sacrce Carolina. Among them is the famous work, the Eikon Basilike, or " Portraiture of his Sacred Majesty in his Solitudes and Sufferings ;" his claim to its authorship, however, has been much dis- puted. CHARLES II., second son of the preceding (the first son, Charles James, having died on the day of his birth, March 18, 1629), born May 29, 1630, died Feb. 6, 1685. At 12 years of age he was appointed by his father com- mander of the troop of horse which he raised as a body guard at York, and three years after- ward he was sent to serve with the royal troops in the west with the rank of general. After the battle of Naseby (1645) the prince retired to Scilly, and subsequently to Jersey, where he remained till September, 1646, when he joined his mother in Paris. In 1649, while residing at the Hague, he received the news of the exe- cution of his father, and immediately assumed the title of king, and was proclaimed king in Edinburgh Feb. 3, 1649, but with little pros- pect of ascending the throne. Having left Holland to spend some time in Paris, he sub- sequently repaired to Jersey, whence he ar- rived in the north of Scotland June 23, 1650, after having agreed to the conditions imposed by the Presbyterians, and after having been forced to take the covenant before landing. Proclaimed king of Scotland at Edinburgh, July 15, 1650, he was crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651. Cromwell, however, having already conquered the greater part of Scotland, Charles resolved on marching to the south, entered England Aug. 6, and took possession of the city of Carlisle, where he was again proclaimed king. The battle of Worcester (Sept. 3), how- ever, in which he was defeated by Cromwell, put an end to this enterprise. After many narrow escapes from capture, he succeeded in embarking at Shoreham, Sussex, Oct. 15, and went to Normandy, and thence to Paris. The peace of 1655 forcing him to leave France, he went to Bruges and remained there and in Brussels until the news of Cromwell's death in 1658 reached him. In order to be able to avail himself of the confusion which arose in Eng-