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CHAUDET CHAUFFEURS 343 which are extensively used for baths, for wash- ing fleeces, and for warming the houses during the winter. The so-called mineral springs, four in number, consist almost entirely of pure water of a high temperature. The annual at- tendance of visitors is about 500. The spring called Source du Par, one of the hottest springs in Europe, has a temperature of 1 77 ; the others vary from 135 to 162. Woollen goods and hosiery are manufactured in the town. CHAUDET. I. Antoine Denis, a French artist, born in Paris, March 31, 1763, died April 19, 1810. His statue of (Edipus, exhibited in 1801, established his reputation as a sculptor. Among his other works are "Paul and Virginia," " Sensibility," "Surprise," the silver statue of "Peace" in the Tuileries, the "Napoleon" which previous to 1815 surmounted the column in the Place Vend6me, and the bass relief of " Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture," in the Musee Napol6on. He excelled also as a painter and designer, and illustrated Didot's edition of Racine and other works. He was professor of sculpture, and contributed many written articles to the dictionary of the acad- emy. His works tended to modify the classi- cism which prevailed in the French schools of art in the^ beginning of the present century. II. Jeanne Elisabeth Gabion, wife of the preceding, born in 1767, died about 1830. A pupil of her husband, she painted a " Child teaching a Dog to read," and many little pictures of the kind, and excelled also as a portrait painter. CHAUD1ERE, a river of the province of Que- bec, Canada, rises near the boundary line be- tween Canada and the United States, and flows into the St. Lawrence about 7 m. above Que- Chaudtere Falls. bee. Its length is about 120 ra., and its usual width is from 400 to 600 yards ; but it is often contracted by rocks jutting from either side, which occasion violent rapids, and render the stream unnavigable. About 2 m. from its mouth are the falls of the Chaudiere, where the water, first contracted by salient points of rock, is then thrown over a precipice from a height of 100 ft. An iron bridge for the Grand Trunk railway is thrown across it near its mouth, where the banks are high. The scenery on the banks of this river is very picturesque. In the Ottawa river, at the city of that name, is another cataract called Cbaudiere falls. (See OTTAWA.) CHAUDON. I. Dom Louis Maionl, a French au- thor, born at Valensolle, May 20, 1737, died at Mezin, May 28, 1817. He studied in the colleges of Marseilles and Avignon, and entered the order of Benedictines. His principal work, the Nouveau dictionnaire Mstorique (Avignon, 1766), was designed to be equally removed from the prolixity of Mor6ri and the dryness of Ladvocat. It was the basis of the subsequent and distinct work of Feller. He wrote Lecons cFhistoire et de chronologic, and Dictionnaire anti-philosophique ; and for other works which he composed in defence of religion he received honorable briefs from Clement XIII. and Pius VI. II. Esprit Joseph, a French author, broth- er of the preceding, born at Valensolle in 1738, died in 1800. After teaching the humanities in several colleges of the Oratorians, he pub- lished in 1772, at Avignon, a valuable biblio- graphical work, entitled Bibliotheque d'un homme de gout, many materials of which were furnished by his brother. In 1778 he publish- ed in Paris a Dictionnaire interprete-manuel des noms latins de la geographic ancienne et modcrne. CHAUFFEPlfi, Jacques Georges de, a Protestant divine of Holland, of French origin, born in Leeuwarden, Nov. 9, 1702, died in Amster- dam, July 3, 1786. He is principally known as the author of the Nou- veau dictionnaire histo- rique et critique, pour servir de supplement ou de continuation du Dic- tionnaire historique et critique de M. Bayle (4 vols. folio, Amsterdam, 1750-'56). CHAUFFEURS, or Garrot- tenrs, a class of brigands during the reign of terror in France. Their head- quarters were first in the forest of Orgeres, near the city of Chartres, and afterward they infested other parts of the coun- try in bands, organized under the leadership of Johann Buckler, sur- named Schinderhannes, till 1803, when the measures adopted under the consulate put a stop to their depredations. They garroted their victims, and tortured and burned (chauf- fer) their feet to make them disgorge their treasures. While engaged in burglaries they