Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/49

CARTIER CARTILAGE 41 Isle. On July 31 they sailed "W. and entered the channel between the mainland and Anti- costi, which he called lie de 1'Assomption; sailed up the river St. Lawrence; saw the mouth of the Saguenay Sept. 1 ; and on the 14th came to the entrance of a river at Que- bec, now called the St. Charles, to which he gave the name of Sainte Croix. The next day he was visited by Donnacona, of Stadacon6, agouhanna or king of Canada, with whom he was enabled to converse, the two Indians whom he had the previous year taken from Gasp6 to France acting as interpreters. Leaving his two larger ships safely moored, he sailed in the Emerillon up the stream as far as Lake St. Peter ; there, his further progress being inter- rupted by a bar in the river, he took to his boat with three volunteers, and on Oct. 2 arrived at an Indian settlement called Hochelaga, which he ' called Mont Royal, whence the present name Montreal. On the 5th he left Hochelaga and rejoined his ships at the mouth of the Sainte Croix, where he passed the winter. With his men he suifered from the severity of the climate, but above all from the scurvy, which made frightful ravages among them ; no fewer than 25 soon died ; and out of 110 still surviving in February, 1536, only a few were free from the disease. Owing to the reduction of their number, Cartier decided to abandon one vessel, apparently the Petite Hermine. After having taken solemn possession of the land in the name of Francis L, by erecting a cross bearing the arms of France, with the in- scription, Franciscus primus, Dei gratia Fran- corum rex, regnat, he sailed May 6, carrying with him Donnacona and nine other chiefs whom he had somewhat treacherously kid- napped ; went through the channel S. of Anti- costi, and the straits S. of Newfoundland, and once more reached Saint Malo, July 16, 1536. The hardships which had been incurred during the expedition were not encouraging to colo- nization ; but at last the entreaties of Francois de la Roque, lord of Roberval in Picardy, pre- vailed; he was appointed viceroy and lieuten- ant general of the new territories, while Car- tier preserved the title of captain general and chief pilot of the king's ships. Five vessels were now fitted out ; Cartier sailed with two of them, May 23, 1541 ; he was soon joined by the three others, and they arrived at Sainte Croix Aug. 23. On exploring the neighboring country, Cartier found a better harbor at the mouth of the Cap Rouge river, where he built a fort called Charlesbourg Royal. Here he anchored three of his ships, while the two others returned to France after landing their cargoes. Cartier then visited Hochelaga for the second time, with the particular purpose of ascertaining the obstructions to further naviga- tion. The winter passed in gloom. Toward the end of May, 1542, nothing having been heard from Roberval, provisions becoming scarce, and the savages evincing unfavorable feelings, Cartier sailed for France. On his way he met Roberval ; but he continued, steer- ing for France, where he arrived without any further accident. In the autumn of 1543 he made his fourth voyage to Canada, sent by the king to bring back Roberval, who had wintered at Charlesbourg Royal or France Roi, as he called it. Cartier wintered in Canada, and finally left it about May, 1544. From that time he lived quietly, either at Saint Malo or at the village of Limoilon; the precise date of his death is unknown. A brief but interesting ac- count of his second expedition appeared anony- mously in 1545. The journals of the first two journeys of Cartier are inserted in vol. iii. of Ramusio's Italian collection (Venice, 1565) ; also abridged in Marc Lescarbot's Histoire de la Noutelle France; a French translation of Ramusio's account of the first voyage was print- ed at Rouen in 1598, and reprinted in 1865 ; and the journals appeared in the original French in 1867. A description of his third journey is in vol. iii. of Hakluyt's "Principal Navigations," &c. (1600). The whole series have been col- lected by the Quebec historical society. CARTILAGE, a firm, elastic substance, of an ap- parently homogeneous structure, bearing some analogy to bone, and entering largely into the composition of the animal skeleton ; in its inti- mate structure it approaches very closely the cellular tissues of vegetables. It constitutes the rudimentary skeleton of the higher mollusca, and of the selachian fishes, hence called car- tilaginous fishes ; in man and the higher ani- mals it forms the internal skeleton at the early periods of life, and is in all employed as a nidus for the development of bone. The organic basis of cartilage is a variety of gelatine called chondrine; this, like gelatine, in a watery solution solidifies on cooling, and may be pre- cipitated by alcohol, creosote, tannic acid, and corrosive sublimate, and is not precipitable with ferrocyanide of potassium ; but, unlike gelatine, it is precipitable with acetic and the mineral and other acids, with alum, persulphate of iron, and acetate of lead. True cartilage is of a white or bluish white appearance ; fibro-carti- lage is of a yellowish color, and exhibits a fibrous structure. Temporary cartilages supply the place of bone in early life, and gradually be- come ossified; for a considerable time after birth the ends of the long bones are composed chiefly of cartilage, and the extremities are not united to the shafts by bone until about the 20th year. Permanent cartilages are divided into two kinds, the articular and the membraniform ; the skeleton of the selachians is also permanent car- tilage. Articular cartilages cover the ends of bones entering into the formation of joints, either a thin layer between almost immovable bones, as those of the cranium, ilium, and sa- crum, or incrusting the ends in the free-moving ball-and-socket and hinge joints. The mem- braniform cartilages have no relation to locomo- tion, but serve to keep open canals or passages by the mere force of their elasticity ; such are the cartilages of the external ear, nose, edge of the