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FORT DUQUESNE FORTIFICATION 327 spective commands. About half of these, some 2,000, succeeded in getting across the river, and escaped. On the morning of Sunday, Feb. 16, Grant was drawn up ready to assault, when a flag of truce came from Buckner, who proposed the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of capitulation, and asked for an armistice until noon for that purpose. Grant replied: "No terms other than an uncondi- tional and immediate surrender can be accept- ed. I propose to move immediately upon your works." Buckner responded: "The over- whelming force under your command compels me, notwithstanding the splendid success of the confederate arms yesterday, to accept the ungenerous and un chivalrous terms which you propose." The number of prisoners was about 13,000, with 48 guns, and large quantities of small arms, ammunition, and supplies. The conduct of Floyd and Pillow was sharply cen- sured by the confederate government, and both were suspended from their commands. FORT DUQUESNE. See PITTSBURGH. FORT EDWARD, a village and town of Wash- ington co., New York, on the E. bank of the Hudson river, and on the Champlain canal, 40 m. N. of Albany; pop. of the village in 1870, 3,492 ; of the town, 5,125. The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad and the Glen's Falls branch unite here. The village contains a weekly newspaper, two national banks with a capital of $370,000, a state bank with $100,000 capi- tal, extensive manufactories of "congress bit- ters " and of turbine water wheels, three saw mills, a foundery and machine shop, a blast furnace, a brewery, two manufactories of stone- ware, and one each of paper, malt, matches and brooms, razor strops, and fanning mills. The Fort Edward collegiate institute in 1872 had 15 instructors, 420 pupils, of whom 141 were females, and a library of 1,000 volumes. FORTESCUE, Sir John, an English lawyer, who lived in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. The place and date of his birth are un- known; he is supposed to have died about 1485. In 1426 he was appointed one of the governors of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1442 chief justice of the king's bench. He was a zealous Lancastrian, and when in 1461 the fortune of war made Henry VI. a fugitive, Fortescue ac- companied him to Scotland, where Henry is supposed to have appointed him chancellor of England, by which title he has been mentioned by several writers. Soon afterward the York- ists, who at that period controlled the parlia- ment, included him in the act of attainder which was passed by them against the king, queen, and other prominent Lancastrians. In 1464 he fled to the continent with Queen Mar- garet and her son Edward, and remained abroad several years attending on the royal exiles. He returned with them to England, but after the battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 he became a prisoner to the victor, Edward IV. Having obtained his pardon and liberty, he withdrew to Gloucestershire, and there passed the "rest of his life in retirement. The most celebrated of his works is his treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliw, which is written in the form of a dialogue, the interlocutors being Prince Ed- ward and the author. The earliest edition is that of Whitechurch, published in the begin- ning of the reign of Henry VII I., and the latest that of A. Amos (Cambridge, 1825). The old- est translation is by Mulcaster (London, 1516). FORT GAWES, a town and the capital of Clay co., Georgia, on the Chattahoochee river, at the terminus of a branch of the Southwestern railroad, 155 m. S. by W. of Atlanta ; pop. in 1870, 758. It is a shipping point for cotton. On Colamoka creek, a few miles S. E., are several ancient artificial mounds, the largest of which is 75 ft. high, with a level surface at the summit, 80 by 30 yards in extent. From the base a broad canal, 500 yards long and in some places 12 ft. deep, extends to the creek. FORT GARRT, Manitoba. See WINNIPEG. FORTH, a river of Scotland, the third of that country in size, and one of the most noted for romantic scenery. It is formed by the conflu- ence of two small streams, the Duchray and the Dhu, which unite on the N. E. slope of Ben Lomond. Thence, under the name Of the Avendow or Black river, it flows E. through the fertile valley of the Laggan, shut in on either side by hills, and after receiving one or two tributaries assumes the name of Forth. From this point it begins to present the remark- able sinuosities which form its chief character- istic, now winding gracefully through a rich level country, now doubling and flowing W., again sweeping to the E., describing at times almost complete circles, and forming all along its course many beautiful peninsulas. The most notable of these windings, called the "links of Forth," occur between Alloa and Stirling, the distance between which places, in a straight line, is about 6 m., while by water it is 12 m. The Teith, Allan, and Devon are its largest tributaries. At Kincardine it begins to widen into an estuary, called the frith of Forth, between the counties of Clackmannan and Fife on the north, and of Linlithgow, Edin- burgh, and Haddington on the south. The frith contains several islands, and a great abundance of herring and other fish ; length 50 m., great- est breadth 15 m. The general course of the Forth is E. or S. E. Its depth is from 3 to more than 37 fathoms, and its bottom is gene- rally muddy. The tide sets up from the sea as far as Stirling bridge, a distance of 70 m. It is navigable thus far for vessels of 100 tons, and to Alloa for vessels of 300 tons. Its length to the sea, including all its sinuosities, is about 170 m., though in a direct line it would not exceed 90 m. The Forth and Clyde canal, 38 m. in length, connects those two rivers. FORTIFICATION, the military art of preparing a place to resist attack. The means used for this purpose may be those presented by nature, as woods and rivers, or those formed by art, as shelters of earth, wood, or stone, or a combi-