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The surrounding country is rich in timber and coal. The Little Rock and Fort Smith railroad was completed in 1873 to Clarksville, 60 m. distant. There are several manufactories, including a large flour mill, a planing mill and machine shop, two breweries, and two wagon factories. There are Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, and Catholic schools, three public schools, of which one is colored, and nine churches. Four weekly newspapers are published, two of which also issue tri-weekly editions. The United States courts for the western district of Arkansas are held here. The town was laid out in 1838 on land adjoining the reservation belonging to the government post of that name.
FORT SUMTER. See Sumter, Fort.
FORTUNA, in Roman mythology, the goddess of chance, both happy and unhappy, called by the Etruscans Nursia. Among the Greeks she was known under the name of Tyche, as the daughter of Oceanus, according to Hesiod, and as the sister of the Mœræ or Parcæ, according to Pindar, and had her temples at Smyrna and other cities. She was worshipped in Italy in the earliest times by the Etruscans at Volsinii, by the Latins at Præneste, and by the Volsci at Antium, where she had a temple, two statues, and an oracle, whose responses were highly valued. She was diversely represented as blind, with wings on her feet, which she was believed to lay aside when entering Rome, with a crescent on her head, a helmet, cornucopia, or globe in her hand, and resting on a wheel. The town of Palestrina is built chiefly on the site of the temple of Fortuna.
FORTUNATE ISLANDS. See Canary Islands.
FORTUNATUS, the title of a collection of popular tales, the earliest known publication of which took place in Augsburg in 1509, though it includes fairy lore and popular legends of an earlier period. They teach that wealth is not sufficient to secure permanent happiness, which is illustrated by its ultimately ruining Fortunatus and his sons, who were in possession of boundless riches and of a talisman enabling them to attain all their desires. The conception was long supposed to be of Spanish or English origin, but the Germans claim it. In 1530 appeared a new edition entitled Fortunatus von seinem Seckel und Wunschhütlein; and since that time numerous editions and translations have appeared in the chief European languages. It has been dramatized in German by Hans Sachs, and in English by Thomas Decker. The earliest edition is reproduced in Simrock's Deutsche Volksbücher (3 vols., Frankfort, 1846), and the subject is a favorite theme of German poets, and of expounders of mediæval literature.
FORTUNE, Robert, a Scottish botanist, born in Berwickshire in 1813. He was brought up as a horticulturist, and having procured employment in the botanical gardens of Edinburgh, attended the lectures of the university professor. He was afterward employed in the botanical gardens at Chiswick, and was appointed by the London horticultural society as collector of plants in northern China, which the peace of 1842 had just thrown open to Europeans. His “Three Years' Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China” (2 vols. 8vo, 1847), published soon after his return, affords full information of the horticulture and agriculture of the Chinese. After superintending for several months the gardens of the apothecaries' company at Chelsea, he again departed in the latter part of 1848 for China, under the auspices of the East India company, to examine and report upon the nature and method of cultivation of the tea plant, and to collect its seeds and introduce its culture into northern India. After an absence of more than three years, he returned to England and published “Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China” (2 vols. 8vo, 1852). He soon made a third tour to the same country, the results of which were given in his “Residence among the Chinese, Inland, on the Coast, and at Sea, being the Third Visit from 1853 to 1856” (8vo, 1857). In 1857 he was employed by the United States patent office to visit China to collect the seeds of the tea shrub and of other plants, with a view to the introduction of their cultivation into the United States. He proceeded from England by the overland route directly to the tea districts in the middle and northern provinces of China, where he remained until March, 1859, and collected a large quantity of seeds, which he shipped to the United States. He returned to England in May, and has since published “Yedo and Pekin” (London, 1863).
FORT WAYNE, a city and the capital of Allen co., Indiana, on an elevated plain at the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers, which here form the Maumee, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, 102 m. N. E. of Indianapolis; pop. in 1840, 2,080; in 1850, 4,282; in 1860, 10,388; in 1870, 17,718, of whom 5,041 were foreigners. Most of the business blocks and many of the residences are of brick. Among the public buildings are the court house, which cost $80,000, and the county jail. There are three public parks, of which the principal one lies S. of the St. Mary's river. N. of the river is a trotting park. Of the five cemeteries, the largest and handsomest is Linden Wood, 1½ m. W. of the city, containing 160 acres. The first impetus to the growth of Fort Wayne was given by the completion of the Wabash and Erie canal about 1840. Numerous plank roads were afterward built, and since 1850 a still more rapid advance has resulted from the construction of railroads, of which five intersect at this point, viz.: the Toledo, Wabash, and Western; Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago; Fort Wayne, Jackson, and Saginaw; Fort Wayne, Muncie, and Cincinnati; and Grand Rapids and Indiana. The buildings of the two railroads first named are extensive. All the machine work, building of cars, and repairing for the western division of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chi-
