442 FRANKLINITE FRANKS other government buildings at Washington. On May 14, 1861, he was appointed colonel of the 12th (new) regiment of infantry, and in July was assigned a brigade in Heintzelman's divi- sion of the army of N. E. Virginia. At the battle of Bull Run he was " in the hottest of the fight," according to the official report of Gen. McDowell. In August he received the com- mission of brigadier general of volunteers, to date from May 17, 1861. In September he was appointed to the command of a division in the army of the Potomac. Sent to reenforce Gen.
- McClellan after the evacuation of Yorktown,
he transported his division by water to West Point on York river, and repulsed the enemy under Gens. Whiting and G. W. Smith, who attempted to prevent his landing, May 7, 1862. On the 15th he was appointed to the command of the 6th provisional army corps. During the movement to the James river, which began June 27, he was charged with covering the retreat, and repulsed the enemy on the right bank of the Chickahominy, June 27 and 28, and again in conjunction with the corps of Gen. Sumner at Savage's Station, June 29. He commanded at the battle of White Oak swamp bridge on the 30th, and the next day joined the main body of the army on the banks of the James. He was promoted to the rank of major general of volunteers July 4, and brevet brigadier gen- eral in the regular army, June 30. In the bat- tle of South mountain, Sept. 14, -he distinguish- ed himself by storming Crampton's gap. He was in the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, and in November was placed in command of the left grand division of the army of the Potomac, including the 1st and 6th corps, which he com- manded in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. The next year he was transferred to the department of the gulf, commanded the expe- dition to Sabine pass, September, 1863, and was second in command in Banks's Red river expe- dition, April, 1864, being wounded in the battle of Sabine cross roads. He was bre vetted major general in the United States army March 13, 1865, and resigned March 15, 1866. He is now (1874) vice president and general agent of the Colt firearms manufacturing company, at Hart- ford, Conn., and consulting engineer of the commission for the erection of a new state house. FRAXKLINITE, a mineral composed of perox- ide of iron, oxide of zinc, and oxide of manga- nese, in appearance much like the magnetic oxide of iron. It is found in considerable quan- tity only in Sussex co., N. J., although it is also mentioned as accompanying ores of zinc in amorphous masses at the mines of Altenberg (Vieille-Montagne), near Aix-la-Chapelle. The composition of the franklinite of New Jersey is : CONSTITUENTS. Berthler. Thompson. Dickinson. Albich. Peroxide of iron. . . . Oxide of zinc Oxide of manganese. Silica ? .... 66-00 17-00 16-00 66-10 17-43 14-96 66-115 21-771 11-987 0-127 68-86 10-81 18-17 Its hardness is 5-5-6-5; specific gravity, 5-5-09. It occurs in large veins or beds at the mines of the New Jersey zinc company at Stirling hill and Mine hill in Sussex co., accompanied by the red oxide of zinc, lying between the crys- talline limestone and the gneiss rocks. At Stirling hill it constitutes the main substance of two beds of considerable magnitude, lying in immediate contact with each other, divided only by a parting seam, running S. W. and N. E., and dipping S. E. about 40 from the hill against which the beds seem to repose, toward and under the bed of the Walkill river. The upper of these beds, lying immediately under the crystalline limestone, is composed chiefly of the red oxide of zinc with the franklinite interspersed in granular masses, often assu- ming the appearance of imperfect crystals. It presents a thickness varying from 3 to 8 ft., and is traced with great uniformity of structure. At times almost perfect crystals of franklinite are found, particularly where the bed comes in contact with the superincumbent limestone ; these crystals are of the regular octahedral form with the edges replaced. The franklinite constitutes about 45 per cent, of the mineral contents, the rest being mainly red oxide of zinc. This bed is extensively worked for the manufacture of white oxide of zinc, which is used for paint ; the residuum, after the oxide of zinc is driven off, being franklinite, is smelt- ed into iron. The underlying bed appears on the surface or outcrop to be almost a pure massive franklinite, amorphous in structure, al- though occasionally also exhibiting very large and nearly perfect crystals of the franklinite ; it contains no red oxide of zinc, which fact is the distinctive feature between this and the overlying bed, which is generally known as the bed of red zinc. The other locality where the franklinite is found in large masses is on Mine hill, about H ni. N. E. of Stirling hill, follow- ing the course of the Walkill to the village of Franklin. Here there are also found two dis- tinct beds in immediate juxtaposition ; but their relative position, as compared with that at Stirling hill, is .reversed, the franklinite being the easternmost and uppermost, and the zinc being the underlying and westernmost. FRANKS, a confederacy of German tribes, which first appeared under this name near the lower Rhine about the middle of the 3d cen- tury. It is now generally believed that the tribes which constituted the bulk of the Frank - ish confederacy were the same which were known to the Romans in the time of the first emperors under the names of Sigambri, Cha- mavi, Ampsivarii, Bructeri, Catti, &c. The first mentioned were the most powerful. A part of these tribes had passed the Rhine as early as the first half of the 1st century. In the 3d and 4th larger bodies successively passed into the N. E. part of Gaul, which country they finally wrested from the Romans in the 5th century. Under Probus they appear as dangerous enemies of the Romans. Carausius,
