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FKEDERICK (WUBTEMBEBG) of his German possessions, the other half being annexed to Prussia ; the duchy of Warsaw was made a dependence of Russia as the kingdom of Poland. Returning to his capital in June, 1815, Frederick Augustus spent the last 12 years of his life in healing the wounds of his diminished country by promoting its agricultu- ral, commercial, and mining interests, by es- tablishing or developing institutions of art and science, and particularly by a strict adminis- tration of justice. His subjects bestowed upon him the surname of the Just. His brother Anthony succeeded him. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II., king of Saxony, born May 18, 1797, died Aug. 9, 1854. He was the eldest son of Maximilian, brother of the kings Frederick Augustus I. and Anthony. Having lost his mother, Carolina Maria The- resa, princess of Parma, at the age of seven, he was educated principally under the care of Forell, a distinguished Swiss, and of Gen. Watzdorf. Though often compelled to leave the capital of his uncle during the later cam- paigns of Napoleon in Germany, and frequently to change his abode, he eagerly pursued his studies, which included political economy, law, and military science ; but botany became his favorite pursuit. When, in September, 1830, Dresden became a scene of political commo- tions, Frederick Augustus was placed by the old king Anthony at the head of the commit- tee for public tranquillity. As the prince was very popular, this measure greatly contributed to quiet the agitation. On June 6, 1836, Fred- erick Augustus succeeded to the throne. As he was but partially occupied with political af- fairs, he made botanical tours and journeys to Istria, Dalmatia, and Montenegro (1838), to England and Belgium (1844), to Vienna and Hungary (1845), and to the Tyrol (1846). The movements of 1848, beginning in Saxony, as everywhere else in Germany, with great en- thusiasm for liberty and German union, were followed in May, 1849, by a revolutionary out- break in Dresden. This having been sup- pressed through the intervention of Prussia, tilings soon returned to their ancient order, and the reactionary movement continued to the death of the king, which was occasioned by a fall from his carriage on a new tour in the Tyrol. He was twice married, first to Carolina, daughter of the emperor Francis, and, after her death in 1832, to Maria, daugh- ter of Maximilian I. of Bavaria. Both mar- riages being without issue, he 'was succeeded by his brother John. IX. WUETEMBEEG. FREDERICK I. (Wilhelm Karl), first king of Wiirtemberg, son of the duke Frederick Eugene, born at Treptow, Pomerania, Nov. 6, 1754, died Oct. 30, 1816. He received his first in- struction from his accomplished mother, a princess of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and com- pleted his education at Lausanne, after the French fashion of that period, served in the 337 VOL. vii. 30 FREDERICKSBURG 463 bloodless war of the Bavarian succession, ac- companied his brother-in-law, the future Rus- sian emperor Paul, on a journey to Italy in 1782, was made governor general of Russian Finland, and after having left it in 1787 lived for some time in retirement. In 1790 he was a spectator of the sessions of the French na- tional assembly ; in 1796 he fought against the French on the Rhine, and in the following year he succeeded his father on the ducal throne. He shared in the war of 1799, re- ceived by the treaty of Luneville ample in- demnity for territories lost on the left bank of the Rhine, and was allowed to assume the electoral dignity. In 1805 he made an alliance with Napoleon, joined the Rhenish confedera- tion, and received from its protector the title of king. He deserted Napoleon after his dis- asters. The treaty of Vienna left him in pos- session of his kingdom. To conciliate his peo- ple after ten years of despotic sway, he gave them a charter, which was rejected by the es- tates. A new constitution was drawn up, but he died before it could be discussed. His first wife was a princess of Brunswick- Wolfenbut- tel, who bore him two sons, William, his suc- cessor, and Paul, and a daughter, Catharine, afterward princess of Montfort. His second wife was the princess Charlotte Augusta Matil- da of England, who died in 1828. FREDERICKSBURG, a city of Spottsylvania co., Virginia, pleasantly situated in a fertile valley on the right bank of the Rappahannock river, at the head of tide water, about 50 m. N. of Richmond, and 110 m. above Chesapeake bay ; pop. in 1870, 4,046, of whom 1,331 were col- ored. The Rappahannock, besides supplying it with good water, which is distributed in pipes, is valuable for its motive power, avail- able at the falls just above. A canal extending to a point 40 m. further up the stream affords means of transportation for the products of a rich farming country, and the Richmond, Fred- ericksburg, and Potomac railroad connects the city with the state and federal capitals. Mar- ble and freestone abound in the vicinity. The city has considerable trade in grain, flour, to- bacco, &c., and contains a national bank, an orphan asylum, four semi- weekly newspapers, six public schools, and Baptist, Episcopal, Meth- odist, and Presbyterian churches. Just be- yond the limits of the city an unfinished monu- ment, begun in 1833, marks the tomb of the mother of Washington, who died here in 1789. FREDERICKSBURG, Battle of, fought Dec. 13, 1862, between the Union forces under Gen. Burnside and the confederates under Gen. Lee. After the battle of Antietam (Sept. 16 and 17, 1862), the Union army, under Gen. McClellan, made no forward movement until late in October, when it began to cross the Potomac. The confederates meanwhile moved up the valley of the Shenandoah and into that of the Rappahannock. By Nov. 7 the two armies were within striking distance, the