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GIBBS Lexicon of the Old Testament" (Andover, 1824) ; " Manual Hebrew and English Lexi- con," abridged from Gesenius (Andover, 1828) ; Philological Studies" (New Haven, 1867); and " Latin Analyst " (New Haven, 1858). He contributed also to several important philo- logical works, including the revised edition of Webster's dictionary and W. C. Fowler's work on the English language ; and furnished valu- able papers to the "American Journal of Science" and other critical periodicals. GIBBS, Wolcott, an American chemist, born in New York, Feb. 21, 1822. He graduated at Columbia college in 1841, and studied chem- istry under Prof. Hare at Philadelphia, and medicine at the New York college of phy- sicians and surgeons, taking his degree in 1844. He then went to Europe, and studied under Liebig and Kammelsberg. On his return, in 1849, he was elected professor of chemistry and physics in the New York free academy. In 1863 he became professor in Harvard uni- versity, and lecturer on the application of science to the useful arts, which chair he still occupies. He was a member of the United States sanitary commission during the civil war, and was appointed by President Grant scientific commissioner to the Vienna exhibi- tion in 1873. His writings relate exclusively to chemical and physical subjects. He has pub- lished about 50 papers, mainly in the " Ameri- can Journal of Science." GIBEON (Heb., hill city), one of the princi- pal cities of Palestine, about 5 m. N. W. of Je- rusalem. Before the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, it was inhabited by Hivites, who by stratagem secured their own safety and pro- tection from Israel ; though when the decep- tion was discovered the Gibeonites were de- graded to the condition of hereditary " hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation." It is not mentioned as one of the royal cities of the Canaanites, though de- scribed as a great city, and as one of the royal cities. When the five kings of the Amorites besieged Gibeon because of its having made peace with Israel, Joshua marched against them, and at his command, as we are told after the poetical book of Jasher, " the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies " (Josh. x. 1-14). The Gibeonites were persecuted and nearly exterminated by Saul. On the division of Canaan, Gibeon fell to the tribe of Benja- min; afterward it was given to the Levites; toward the close of David's and in the begin- ning of Solomon's reign, the sanctuary was there, and there dwelt the high priest. Near to it was a pool, probably the " great waters" referred to by Jeremiah, where Abner was de- feated by Joab, and also a great stone, or monu- mental pillar. It is identified with the modern El- Jib, an irregular village, seated on the sum- mit of a hill, and containing massive ruins. GIBRALTAR (Arab. Jebel al-Tarik, mount of Tarik), a fortified rock on the S. coast of An- 358 VOL. vii. 51 GIBRALTAR 799 dalusia, Spain, belonging to Great Britain, and giving name to a town and bay on its W. side, and to the strait connecting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Europa point, its S. ex- tremity, is in lat. 36 6' N., Ion. 5 21' W. The rock forms a promontory, 3 m. long from N. to S. and about 7 m. in circumference. A low sandy isthmus, 1 m. long and m. broad, connects it with the mainland of Spain, having the bay of Gibraltar on the west and the Med- iterranean on the east. Two parallel rows of sentry boxes across this flat mark the Spanish and English lines, the space between them be- ing called the " neutral ground." The N., E., and S. sides of the rock are steep and precipi- tous, and almost inaccessible. On the west it slopes down to the water ; here are the town and the principal fortifications. The highest point is about 1,400 ft. above the sea. The rock is composed of gray primary limestone and mar- ble, and was uplifted probably at a recent geo- logic period, as a marine beach exists more than 450 ft. above the sea. It is perforated by a number of remarkable natural caverns, all of which are difficult of access. The largest, called St. Michael's, has a hall hung with sta- lactites reaching from roof to floor. Its en- trance is 1,000 ft. above the sea, and it is con- nected with other caverns beneath it of un- known depth. From the sea the surface ap- pears barren ; but acacia, fig, and orange trees, and a variety of odoriferous plants, grow in sheltered places. The animal productions are a few kinds of birds, wild rabbits, snakes, and monkeys. The latter, the only wild mon- keys in Europe, are of a fawn color and with- out tails. The climate is temperate and gen- erally healthy, but about once in 12 years an endemic fever, known as the Gibraltar fever, prevails. Immense sums of money and a vast amount of labor have been expended on the fortifications of this stronghold. The most re- markable of the works are the galleries tun- nelled in tiers through the solid rock, along the N. front. They are 2 or 3 m. long, and are wide enough to admit a carriage. At every 12 yards they are pierced with ports for guns, so as to command the bay and neutral ground. On the summit of the rock are bar- racks and fortresses, and strong batteries frown all along the slope on the W. side. More than 1,000 guns are now in position. The garrison consisted in 1872 of 4,308 men. The cost of maintaining the fortress in 1867-'8 was 420,- 465;. estimate for 1872-'3, 219,417. The town of Gibraltar lies on a shelving ledge on the W. side of the rock, near its N. extremity, 65 m. S. E. of Cadiz; pop. in 1871 (exclusive of the garrison), 16,454, English^ Spaniards, Jews, and Moors. It consists chiefly of one spacious street, called the Main or Waterport street, about i m. long and well paved and lighted. The town appears to be more popu- lous than it really is, from the number of strangers visiting it. Great care is taken to prevent the increase of new residents, and