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GILLIFLOWER was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he became professor of Greek. In 1778 he published a translation of the " Orations of Lysias and Isocrates." In 1786 he published in London his "History of Ancient Greece." In 1793, on the death of Dr. Robertson, he was made historiographer royal for Scotland. His principal works, besides those above named, are a "Translation of Aristotle's Ethics and Politics " (1804) ; the " History of the Ancient World from Alexander to Augustus " (London, 1807), which was afterward republished as the second part of his "History of Greece;" and a " Translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric " (1823). GILLIFLOWER, the trivial name of the garden species of matJiiola, usually called stocks by the florists, and sometimes stock gilliflowers and gillies. The name gilliflower has a curious origin: the French applied to this and other spicy-smelling flowers the term giroflee, clove- GILLOTT 811 Gilliflower (Mathiola incana). scented ; this, through the old spellings of gyllofer and gilofre (with the o long), has become our gilliflower. Florists divide the plants into ten-weeks, intermediate, Brompton, and emperor stocks, and each of these into several subdivisions. The ten-weeks and in- termediate stocks are annuals, and are garden varieties of M. annua, a native of the seacoast of Europe, and a member of the large order cruciferce; the flower in the wild state is red- dish, but cultivation has produced a great va- riety of colors from pure white to dark purple ; the seedsmen's catalogues present new varieties each year. The double varieties do not produce seeds, but such is the tendency to depart from the normal state that the seeds of single flowers will produce plants one half or more of which will be double ; the seeds are imported from Germany, where great pains are taken in their production. The seeds of these varieties may be sown in the open ground when the soil becomes warmed, and treated as ordinary an- nuals, or they may be sown in a hotbed, the young plants potted when large enough, and later turned out into the open border. Seeds may also be sown in August and September, and the young plants potted and kept over winter in a cool greenhouse, to be turned out Double Gilliflower. m spring. The Brompton stocks must be treated as biennials, as the original species, M. incana, is a biennial or a short-lived peren- nial. It does not endure our winters, and the plants must be potted and kept either in a frame or a light cellar until spring, or brought into bloom in the greenhouse or window during winter. Choice varieties may be increased by cuttings; and if the plant after flowering is headed back, it may be kept for several years. GILLMORE, Quiney Adams, an American soldier and engineer, born at Black River, Lorain co., Ohio, Feb. 28, 1825. He graduated at West Point in 1849, and served in the engineer corps and as assistant instructor at West Point till the outbreak of the civil war, when he distinguished himself by his services at Hilton Head, S. C. (1861), in the siege and capture of Fort Pu- laski, Ga. (1862), and especially in the reduc- tion of Forts Sumter and Wagner (1863-'4). He was made major general of volunteers July 10, 1863, resigned this commission Dec. 5, 1865, and now (1874) ranks as major in the corps of engineers, and is engineer in charge of the de- fences of the Atlantic coast. He has published " Siege and Reduction of Fort Pulaski" (New York, 1863); "Practical Treatise on Limes, Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars" (1863) ; and " Engineer and Artillery Operations against the Defences of Charleston Harbor in 1863 " (1865). GILLOTT, Joseph, an English manufacturer, born in Warwickshire about 1800, died in Bir- mingham, Jan. 6, 1872. He began life as a grinder of cutlery in Sheffield. Then he re- moved to Birmingham, and with the assistance of his wife began the manufacture of steel pens. It is said that he made them in a garret and sold them to small shopkeepers about the town.