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GIRARDIN 823 and the ministry of Guizot during most of its duration. On Feb. 24, 1848, he presented himself at the Tuileries and persuaded Louis Philippe to an abdication in favor of his grand- son, the count de Paris ; but it was too late to save the dynasty. He vigorously supported the new order of things, tried to inspire the French people with confidence in it, and became for a while the most popular journalist in Paris. During a few weeks nearly 150,000 copies of the Presse were disposed of daily. His indepen- dent politics were deemed dangerous by Gen. Cavaignac, who ordered his arrest after the in- surrection of June, and kept him 11 days in strict confinement. On resuming the charge of his journal, Girardin vehemently attacked the rule of the general, and greatly contributed to the election of Louis Napoleon to the presi- dency, but soon became his opponent, gave his journal a more and more radical and socialistic turn, and after the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, was ordered out of France. He afterward returned, but, unable to submit to the restric- tions on journalism, sold his share in the Presse in 1856 for 800,000 francs. In December, 1862, he again became its chief editor, but he finally abandoned it in 1866, and established La Liberte. He attacked the administration vigorously, and in March, 1867, was fined 5,000 francs, and a month later the sale of his journal on the street was prohibited. He still continued to attack the administration, sub- jecting himself to further prosecution, and he also severely criticised the course of many of the opposition journals. After the formation of the Ollivier ministry (Jan. 2, 1870) he ac- cepted several government commissions. After the proclamation of the republic (Sept. 4) an unpublished decree, bearing date July 27 and countersigned by Emile Ollivier, was found among the papers of the Tuileries, conferring upon Girardin the rank of senator. About the same time he sold La Liberte for 1,000,000 francs, and for a time withdrew from journal- ism. But -he soon resumed his pen, and be- came a vehement supporter of the war against Prussia. During the siege of Paris La Liberte was transferred to the country, and he followed it, and on Dec. 24 purchased Les Cents Jours, in which he severely criticised the dictatorship of M. Gambetta. During the insurrection of the communists he published a journal called V Union Frangaise, in which he advocated the adoption of a federal system of govern- ment. In May, 1872, he purchased the Jour- nal Officiel, whose management, however, was retained by its former conductor. The cata- logue of his political pamphlets would fill col- umns. His contributions to the Presse from 1836 to 1856 were published in 1858 (12 vols. 8vo), under the title of Questions de mon temps. In 1859 he furnished a preface to a work en- titled Les Mtards celebres, by A. Chargueraud. His Du droit de punir (Paris, 1871), on which he was engaged for ten years, is mainly a sup- plement to Beccaria's De" 1 delitti e delle pene. In opposition to L } Homme-femme, by Alex- andre Dumas fils, he published in 1872 UHom- me et la femme, Vhomme suzerain, la femme vassale. After the death of his first wife he married (November, 1856) 'Countess Mina de Tieffenbach, daughter of a former Viennese postmaster, and widow, by morganatic mar- riage, of Prince Frederick of Nassau. He ob- tained a divorce from her in 1872. II. Delphlne Gay, a French authoress, wife of the preceding, born in Aix-la-Chapelle, Jan. 26, 1804, died in Paris, June 29, 1855. She was the daughter of Mme. Sophie Gay, and a poem written by her when scarcely 18 years old gained an extraor- dinary prize of the French academy. In 1824 she published a collection of Essais poetiques. She was accustomed to recite her verses in so- ciety, and having extemporized some beautiful lines on the premature death of Gen. Foy in 1825, she was hailed as la muse de la patrie, and received from Charles X. a pension of 1,500 francs. On a visit to Italy in 1827 she was elected by acclamation a member of the Tiber academy at Rome, and carried in triumph to the capitol. She married Ernile de Girardin in 1831, and produced in 1833 Napoline, one of her most charming poems. She had already begun to write novels. Le lorgnon appeared in 1831, and was succeeded by M. le marquis de Pontanges in 1835, and La canne de M. de Balzac'm 1836. From 1836 to 1848 she fur- nished to the Presse, under the nom de plume of Vicomte Delaunay, 57 Lettres parisiennes on literature, art, and fashion. The only com- plete edition of these letters was brought out in 1858, with an introduction by Theophile Gautier. In 1839 she wrote a comedy, VEcole 'des journalistes, but its representation was prohibited by the government. In 1843 her tragedy Judith, designed for Rachel, was per- formed at the Theatre Francais. Another tragedy, Gleopatre (1847), and the comedy of Lady Tartufe (1853), were also written for that actress. Her comedies, Vest lafaute du mari, ou Les Ions marisfont les bonnes femmes (1851), and La jtfie fait peur (1854), and her vaudeville Le ehapeau d'un horloger (1854), were highly successful. Her last novels, Mar- guerite, ou Deux amours, and II ne faut pas jouer avec la douleur, appeared in 1853, and a new edition of the former in 1858. An Eng- lish translation of "The Cross of Berny," the joint production of Mme. de Girardin, Gautier; Sandeau, and Mery, was published in New York in 1873. A complete edition of her works has been published (6 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1860- '61). She was celebrated for beauty and wit. GIRARDIN, Jean Pierre Louis, a French chem- ist, born in Paris, Nov. 16, 1803. He has pop- ularized chemistry by teaching its application to art, industry, and agriculture, as professor at Rouen from 1838 to 1858, and since at Lille and Clermont. In 1835 he published Lecons de cUmie elementaire (2 vols. ; 4th revised and illustrated ed., 1860-'62), which has been trans- lated into Russian. His other writings include