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worsted and cotton dress goods. There is a variety of other manufactories, including one of cordage, four of leather belting, one of cloth boots and shoes, two of cabinet ware, five of carriages, one of earthenware, one of files, one of screws, one of linen hose, six of paper, a brass foundery, and several machine shops, turning out steam engines and boilers, cotton machinery, &c. The city contains three national banks, with an aggregate capital of $725,000, and three savings banks, with deposits in 1873 amounting to $3,768,483 21. It is divided into six wards, is governed by a mayor, with a board of aldermen of one member and a common council of three members from each ward, and has a police force and a fire department. Water works, to supply the city from the Merrimack, are in process of construction. The assessed value of property in 1873 was $21,715,362; total taxation, $362,827 80, including $37,581 70 for state and county purposes. The expenditures for city purposes amounted to $336,150 28, the largest items of which were $40,683 83 for streets, $59,164 63 for schools, $19,386 66 for salaries, $19,351 78 for paving, $14,851 25 for fire department, and $28,078 31 for police. The net debt at the close of the year was $432,988 59. There are an almshouse, a Catholic orphan asylum, a city mission, and an industrial school. The public schools are graded and in a flourishing condition. The number of children of school age in 1873 was 5,141; number of schools, 59 (1 high, 22 grammar, 1 mixed, 12 middle, 23 primary); of teachers and sub-teachers, 88; pupils enrolled, 4,000; average attendance, 2,500. Evening schools are opened during the winter. There are also Catholic schools attended by about 1,200 pupils. The public library contains about 14,000 volumes; the library of the Pacific mills, 6,000; and there is a circulating library, with 3,000 volumes. Two daily and four weekly newspapers are published, and there are 21 churches, viz.: 2 Baptist, 5 Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Freewill Baptist, 3 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 5 Roman Catholic (1 French), 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist.—The town of Lawrence was incorporated in 1847, its territory being taken from the towns of Methuen and North Andover. The village had previously been known as Merrimack or New City, and it took its present name in honor of its principal founders, the Lawrence family of Boston, the chief members of the Essex company, which had been chartered shortly before for the erection of the dam and other manufacturing purposes. It was made a city in 1853. On Jan. 10, 1860, the main building of the original Pemberton company, built in 1853, while the machinery was in motion, suddenly fell without warning, and a conflagration soon afterward broke out in the ruins. Of 700 persons in the building at the time, 77 were killed and 134 injured, of whom 14 subsequently died. The cause of the disaster was the faulty construction of the iron pillars which supported the floor timbers, and lack of adhesive power in the mortar.
LAWRENCE, a city and the capital of Douglas co., Kansas, on both banks of the Kansas river, here spanned by two bridges, 70 m. above its mouth, 25 m. E. by S. of Topeka, and 28 m. S. W. of Leavenworth; pop. in 1860, 1,645; in 1870, 8,320. It is built on a rolling slope, and is regularly laid out, with wide streets, partly shaded with trees, and lighted with gas. There are many handsome buildings. Massachusetts street, the principal business thoroughfare, is built up for two thirds of a mile with blocks of brick and stone. The state university, a large and handsome structure, is situated in the S. W. part of the city, upon a bluff called Mount Oread. Lawrence has an important trade, communicating with the surrounding fertile and well timbered country by means of the Kansas Pacific, the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston, the Lawrence and Southwestern, the Kansas Midland, and the St. Louis, Lawrence, and Denver railroads. The principal manufactories are a planing mill, a machine shop, 7 wagon and carriage factories, 2 agricultural implement factories, 3 grist mills, 2 elevators, 2 breweries, 4 packing houses, a tannery, a soap factory, a woollen factory, a pottery, 3 furniture factories, and 2 mineral water factories, all operated by steam or wind power. A substantial dam has been erected across the Kansas river at this point, capable of furnishing 1,500 horse power for manufacturing purposes. There are two national banks with a capital of $200,000, a state bank with $50,000, and a savings bank with $100,000. There are graded public schools, including a high school department, and attended by about 1,200 pupils, and a library association possessing 3,500 volumes. Three daily, two tri-weekly, and five weekly (one German) newspapers are published. There are 25 churches.—Lawrence was founded in 1854 by settlers from the eastern states under the auspices of the New England emigrant aid society, and became the headquarters of the anti-slavery settlers in the ensuing struggle with the advocates of slavery in Kansas. On Aug. 25, 1863, it was surprised by a band of about 350 confederate guerillas under Quantrell, who killed 145 of the inhabitants, and burned about 200 houses, comprising the greater part of the city.
LAWRENCE. I. Amos, an American merchant,
born in Groton, Mass., April 22, 1786, died in
Boston, Dec. 31, 1852. In 1799 he became a
clerk in a country store in Dunstable, and soon
afterward in Groton. In April, 1807, he went
to Boston, and upon the failure of his employers
there, he commenced business upon his own
account in December, 1807, as a dry-goods
merchant. On Jan. 1, 1814, he entered into a
partnership with his brother Abbott, who for
the previous five years had been his chief clerk,
which continued uninterruptedly until the
death of Amos. The business operations of the
firm were conducted with great success, and
