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236 LAWRENCEBURG science congress held in Bristol, Eng. In 18T2-'3 he delivered a course of lectures on international law before the law school of Co- lumbian college, Washington. His more im- portant publications include "History of the Negotiations in reference to the Eastern and Northeastern Boundaries of the United States " (New York, 1841) ; " The Law of Charitable Uses " (1845) ; " Visitation and Search "^ (1858) ; Gommentaire sur les elements du droit inter- national, &c. (3 vols., Leipsic, 1868-"T3); Etude de droit international sur le mariage (Ghent, 1870) ; " The Treaty of "Washington " (Provi- dence, 1871) ; " Disabilities of American Women Married Abroad " (New York, 1871) ; "The Indirect Claims of the United States un- der the Treaty of Washington of May 8, 1871, as submitted to the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva" (Providence, 1872); "Belligerent and Sovereign Rights as regards Neutrals during the War of Secession," an argument on the case of the Circassian before the mixed com- mission on British and American claims, under the 12th article of the treaty of Washington (Boston, 1873); "Administration flf Equity Jurisprudence " (Boston, 1874) ; and several speeches and addresses. LAWRENCEBURG, a city and the capital of Dearborn co., Indiana, situated in the S. E. corner of the state, on the Ohio river, 22 m. below Cincinnati, and 82 m. S. E. of Indian- apolis ; pop. in 1870, 3,159. It is the terminus of the Whitewater canal, and the point of junc- tion of the Ohio and Mississippi and the In- dianapolis, Cincinnati, and Lafayette railroads. It contains a foundery, two flour mills, two furniture factories, breweries and distilleries, three national banks, a court house, graded public schools, two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. LAWSON, L. M., an American physician, born in Nicholas co., Ky., Sept. 10, 1812, died in Cincinnati, Jan. 21, 1864. His father was a pioneer Methodist minister who had emigrated from Virginia. He graduated in 1837 at Tran- sylvania university, where in 1843 he became professor of general and pathological anatomy and physiology. In 1847 he became professor of materia medica and general pathology in the Ohio medical college, and in 1852 professor of the principles and practice of medicine and clinical medicine. In 1854 he was appointed to the chair of theory and practice of medicine and clinical medicine in the Kentucky school of medicine at Louisville. In 1857 he returned to the medical college of Ohio as professor of the theory and practice of medicine. In 1860 he filled the chair of clinical medicine in the university of Louisiana at New Orleans ; and in 1861 he again returned to the medical col- lege of Ohio, where he remained until his death. He conducted the " Western Lancet " from 1842 to 1864. In 1844 he edited an edi- tion of Hope's " Morbid Anatomy." His chief fame rests upon his "Practical Treatise on Phthisis Pulmonalis " (Cincinnati, 1861). LAWYER LAWSON, John, an American surveyor and historian, of Scottish birth. He began his sur- veys in 1700, but fell a victim to the jealousy of the Indians, who confounded the surveyor of their territory with those who despoiled them of it. He was captured by them while ex- ploring North Carolina in 1712, when in com- pany with De Graffenried, a Swiss who con- templated colonization. The latter was per- mitted to buy himself free, but Lawson was burned at the stake. He left one of the most valuable of the early histories of the Caroli- nas, entitled "A New Voyage to Carolina, containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country, together with the Present State thereof; and a Journal of a Thousand Miles Travelled through Several Nations of Indians, giving a Particular Ac- count of their Customs, Manners, &c." (Lon- don, 1709). The volume is a quarto of 258 pages, well illustrated with one of the best maps of the time, and with various other en- gravings, chiefly in natural history. The ori- ginal edition is now very rare ; it was reprinted at Raleigh in 1860 (12mo). LAWYER, one whose profession is to give advice and assistance in legal matters, and to prosecute and defend in the courts the causes of those who may employ him for the purpose. The designation comprehends the several classes known as attorneys, solicitors, proctors, coun- sellors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates, who with various privileges and in different capacities give aid in expounding, applying, or enforcing the law, or in the preparation of legal documents. In barbarous countries or under a despotism there could be little occa- sion for lawyers, and indeed they would scarcely be tolerated; but in civilized coun- tries, where justice is administered in accor- dance with rules previously promulgated, the employment of persons familiar with these rules to assist in legal controversies those who were not, would be so natural a proceeding, that the establishment of such a practice would be anticipated as quite a matter of course. And such we find to have been the case, though the persons rendering such assis- tance have not always been set apart as a dis- tinct profession, nor have they always made their legal services a means of support. In Rome the patrician was expected to assist and protect his clients and dependents by his ad- vice, and also when needful by open pleading of their causes before the tribunals; but this soon degenerated into a practice of hiring the aid, as advocates, of such patrons as by their oratory or their social position were specially influential. Many attempts were made by law to put a stop to the feeing of advocates, but without success ; and at length lawyers be- came a recognized class, and the opinions or responses of the most eminent of them on questions arising under the customary law were accepted as authority. (See CIVIL LAW.) In modern times lawyers have generally been