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MACLUEE His first communication to the public was a memoir entitled " Observations on the Geolo- gy of the United States, explanatory of a Geo- logical Map," read before the American philo- sophical society, Jan. 20, 1809, and published in vol. vi. of their " Transactions." On May 16, 181V, he presented another memoir to the society, which was published in their " Trans- actions," and also in a separate volume with a colored map and sections. The former publication was six years prior to William Smith's improved geological map of England, a production which gave its author the title of father of English geology. To Maclure is equally due the title of father of American ge- ology. His map presented the general range of the secondary, transition, and primitive rocks, as they were then called, with consider- able accuracy; but the tertiary groups, the arranging of which really involved an ac- quaintance with their fossils, were very im- perfectly defined. He took up his residence in Philadelphia, and joined the academy of natural sciences in that city, whose library and museum were made the recipients of his books and specimens, forming a collection then unique in the United States. From 1817 till his death he was president of the academy, and its "Journal" was commenced under his auspices. In 1816-'! 7 he examined the geolo- gy of the Antilles, an account of which was published in vol. i. of the "Journal." In 1819 he visited France, and then went to Spain to establish a great agricultural school for the lower classes, in which labor should be com- bined with moral and intellectual culture. He purchased from the revolutionary govern- ment 10,000 acres of land near Alicante; but when his buildings were completed, the gov- ernment was overthrown, and his property reverted to the church from which it had been confiscated. After a hazardous geological tour in southern Spain, he returned in 1824 to the United States. Here he attempted to estab- lish a similar agricultural school, and removed to the New Harmony settlement in Indiana, though not adopting the peculiar views of that community. Several distinguished naturalists joined him in this enterprise. The scheme failed, but Mr. Maclure, having purchased largely of land in and around New Harmony, remained there several years in the hope of bringing his school into operation. His health failing in 1827, he embarked for Mexico, re- turning the next summer; but after attend- ing the meeting of the American geological society in New Haven, Nov. 17, 1828, as the presiding officer, he again went to Mexico. In 1834 he gave directions for the removal of his library of 2,259 volumes, with many maps' and charts, from New Harmony to the acad- emy of natural sciences ; and he gave to that institution in all $20,000 to secure a suitable building for its books and collections. The American geological society at New Haven also received from him many very valuable 518 VOL. x. 51 MAOMAHON 799 works and specimens. Early in 1840 Maclure attempted a journey to the United States, but was obliged to return, and died on the way. "While in Mexico he wrote " Opinions on Va- rious Subjects," devoted mainly to political economy (2 vols. 8vo, New Harmony, 1837). MacMiHON, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, count de, and duke de Magenta, president of France, born at the chateau of Sully, near Autun, in 1808. His Irish ancestors had settled in Bur- gundy after the downfall of the Stuarts, and intermarried with illustrious French families. His father, the marquis Charles Laure de Mac- Mahon, a general and peer of France, and a personal friend of Charles X., married Mile, de Caraman, a lady of high rank, who bore him four daughters and four sons, of whom the president is the youngest. His elder brother Joseph, like the rest of the family an ardent le- gitimist, retired from public life after the over- throw of Charles X., and died in 1865. MacMa- hon studied at the seminary of Autun, in a school at Versailles, and at the military academy of St. Cyr, which he left in 1827 with the grade of sub-lieutenant. In 1830 he served in Algeria, and in 1832 he was aide-de-camp of Gen. Achard during the siege of Antwerp. He returned to Africa in 1833 with the commission of captain, and was severely wounded at the siege of Con- stantine in October, 1837. He was then rap- idly promoted, and in 1852 he became general of division, and afterward chief commander of the military division of Constantine. He went to the Crimea in August, 1855, as commander of a division, and the capture of the Malakhoff in the following month was mainly due to his energy. At the close of the war he took his seat in the senate, of which he had been made a member. In 1857 he again went to Africa and cooperated with Gen. Randon in the suc- cessful Kabylian expedition, after which he was placed at the head of the Algerian land and naval forces. Shortly before the outbreak of the war in Italy he attracted attention in the senate by his opposition to the restrictive mea- sures proposed in regard to public safety. At the commencement of the campaign of 1859 he commanded the second corps, and was the first to cross the Ticino near Turbigo (June 3), arresting an Austrian column in its march on Robechetto. On June 4 he decided the bril- liant victory at Magenta, for which the emperor made him duke of Magenta and marshal. On Oct. 18, 1861, the marshal officially attended, with considerable display of magnificence, the coronation of William I. of Prussia (now em- peror of Germany). From October, 1862, to September, 1864, he was stationed at Lille and Nancy as military commander, and subsequently he was governor general of Algeria. His at- tempted conversion of the colonial administra- tion into a purely military viceroyalty proved a complete failure ; and the trouble was compli- cated by a famine, by MacMahon's opposition to the resident archbishop's propaganda among the natives^ and by a rising in 1869 of fanati-