AUCHMUTY.AUDUBON.
AUCHMUTY, Richard Tylden (ok-mu-te), philanthropist, was born in New York city in 1831. He received a collegiate education, and then studied architecture with James Renwick, with whom he was associated as a partner for many years. He served with distinction through the civil war, and soon afterwards retired from his architectural profession, and devoted himself to the development of Lenox, in Berkshire county, Mass., as a summer resort for people of means and leisure. As a philanthropist he undertook to cope with the labor problem. He saw the inevitable result of the monopoly which foreign skilled labor was establishing in certain trades, and he quietly set about applying a remedy. In 1881, in connection with his wife, he established a training school in New York city, where indigent young men are given instruction in certain branches of industry — such as plastering, plumbing, tailoring, blacksmithing, carpentry, and house, sign and fresco painting. The school was liberally endowed by Mr. Auchmuty and his wife, at its opening, and when incorporated in 1889, it received from them an additional benefaction of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars, to which J. Pierpont Morgan afterwards added the gift of five hundred thousand dollars. The institution was established on a very modest basis, its avowed object being "to enable young men to learn the science and practice of certain trades thoroughly, expeditiously, and economically, speed of execution to be acquired at real work after leaving the school." During the first year, thirty pupils received instruction, but the fame of the institution, still in its experimental stage, spread so rapidly that the roll for the second year included ninety-eight names, while that for the third year rose to 207. Colonel Auchmuty's experiment was a practical success at the end of the third year. The annual list of graduates numbers about six hundred, and the plan of the school was largely copied. He died at Lenox, Mass., July 18, 1893.
AUCHMUTY, Robert (ok-mu-te), lawyer, was born in Scotland, and was the first one of his name to become an American. He immigrated from Ireland, to which country his father removed in 1699, settled in Boston early in the eighteenth century, and was admitted to the bar about 1715. In 1730 he was made judge of the admiralty court. In 1740 he was appointed a director of the Land bank, and the next year went to England as Massachusetts agent to settle the boundary dispute with Rhode Island. It is said that while in England he planned the expedition against Cape Breton; he certainly published there a pamphlet entitled, "The Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, and a Plan for taking the Place." He died in 1750.
AUDENRIED, Joseph Crain, soldier, was born at Pottsville, Pa., Nov. 6, 1839. He was graduated from West Point in 1861, and was promoted 2d lieutenant of 1st cavalry. On the same day he was transferred to the 6th cavalry with the rank of 1st lieutenant. He engaged in drilling volunteers at Washington, and served in the Bull Run campaign as aide-de-camp to General Tyler. From March to August, 1862, he was engaged in the Virginia peninsular campaign as acting assistant adjutant-general of the 1st cavalry brigade. He was promoted captain of staff, Aug. 20, 1862, and in September was brevetted captain for gallantry at the battle of Antietam. From December, 1862, to April, 1863, he served in the Rappahannock campaign, and in the battle of Fredericksburg was aide-de-camp to General Sumner. In April, 1863, he was on the staff of Major-General Wool, and from June 20 to Oct. 1, 1863, was aide-de-camp to General Grant. He was transferred to General Sherman's staff, and was engaged in the battle of Missionary Ridge, the Atlanta campaign, the siege of Atlanta, the march to the sea, and the capture of Savannah. On Sept. 1, 1864, he was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious services in the Atlanta campaign, and in March, 1865, he received the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel for his conduct during the war. He was promoted captain of staff, July 1, 1866, and served with the division of the Mississippi, the division of the Missouri, and at army headquarters of the general commanding. In 1869 he was made colonel of staff. He died in Washington, D. C, June 3, 1880.
AUDUBON, John James, ornithologist, was born near New Orleans, La., May 4, 1780; son of a French naval officer. When the lad was quite young he was taken by his parents to Hayti, where his mother was killed in the negro insurrection of 1791. The father then carried the
children to France,
where he was married to Anne Moynotte, a native of New Orleans, and he settled his family at Nantes. Here John James attended school and laid the foundation of his artistic skill. He showed marked talent in faithfully transferring to paper the outlines of the birds of the forest and afterward coloring them, depending on his memory for the delicate shadings. He was encouraged by his parents in his propensity to rove the woods to gather specimens and sketch the birds he
