income.' Both classes of insurance are man aged by the government, the policies being originally issued through the post-office de partment, and the premiums payable weekly, in this manner : Stamps are sold by the postal authorities, and one of these is affixed every week in a book kept by the employe and cancelled. In the first class of insur ance mentioned, — sickness, death, or old age, — the employer pays one half of the premium, and the employe one half. In the second class, — accident, — the employer pays all the premium; but in case of acci dent, the employe is limited to the insur ance for recompense, and has no cause of action against the employer. The Trades Court has jurisdiction of all controversies growing out of the failure or refusal of the employer to pay these insurance premiums. Should a contract of employment provide that the employe was subject to a fixed penalty in case he entered the employ of another, or opened a business of his own, and a controversy arise from such a provi sion, the Trades Court would have no juris diction. Neither would it have jurisdiction of controversies between members of a labor union and their apprentices, nor between members of a union which has a board of arbitration. The court consists of a president, a vicepresident, and thirty associates. The asso ciates must consist one half of employes elected by employes, and one half of em ployers elected by employers, all at a spe cial election held for that purpose. Members of a labor union having a board of arbi tration are not eligible either as voters or associates. The associates must be thirty years of age, have never received support from the Bureau of Charities, and have lived in the community at least two years. The president and vice-president are selected by a body corresponding to our upper house of the common council. Neither employers nor employes are eligible to this position. When in session, the court consists of five
members, — the president, or, in his ab sence, the vice-president, two members who are employers, and two who are employes. At the beginning of their official term, the associates are divided into groups of four, and assigned to certain weeks in which they are to officiate. The court may also act as a board of arbitration in case of a strike, but this is not compulsory; that is, one party to such a dispute cannot force an arbitra tion. A session of such a court was wit nessed in Berlin. The president was alone, endeavoring to settle the controversy. The complainant, a woman garment worker, claimed that she had made nine garments. The defendant admitted five. The proceed ings were colloquial in their nature, and when the issue was presented, — nine on one side and five on the other, — the judge set the case for hearing before a full bench on a later day. At Potsdam there is an historic windmill. Frederick the Great built the palace of Sans Souci as a summer home, but unfortunately for his peace of mind, at its gate was a flour mill operated by wind. It made a terrific clatter, and an emissary was sent to its owner with a proposition to buy it. This was declined, the miller stating that the property was not for sale; he had inherited it from his father. He was then told the king would come and take the mill. "Ah!" he said, " not so long as there is a court of justice." His confidence was not misplaced; the court did not permit the king to deprive him of his heritage. But in course of time the descendants of the miller, coming into possession of the property, and finding themselves in financial straits, were com pelled to offer it for sale. A successor of Frederick bought it, and it stands to-day, preserved and in good repair, a monument to Prussian justice. Adherents of codification will be pleased to know that Germany has adopted a com prehensive code of law defining the rights resulting from every human relation, and
