declined a renomination in 1830, and in 1851 settled in San Francisco, where he soon became the leader of the California 15ar. Thence he went to Oregon, and was United States Senator from that State. When the Civil War began he raised a regiment in New York and Phila- delphia. He declined a commission as brigadier-general, and was killed at Ball's Bluff while leading a desperate charge.
BAKER, Frank (1841—). An American zoölogist and anthropologist, born at Pulaski, N. Y. He graduated at the Columbian University in 1880 (M. D.), took his master's degree at Georgetown University in 1883, and
Ph.D, at the same institution in 1890. He became assistant superintendent of the Life-saving Service in 1889, and superintendent of the National Zoölogical Park at Washington in 1890. In 1883 he was appointed professor of anatomy in the Medical School of Georgetown University, and was elected vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1890.
BAKER, Henry (1698-1774). An English naturalist. He was brought up to the book-selling business, but afterwards devoted himself to scientific studies, especially to botany and microscopy. In 1744 he received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society for his microscopic study of saline particles. Among his
works may be mentioned: The Microscope Made Easy (1743); Employment for the Microscope (1704) ; and some poetical works.
BAKER, John Gilbert (1834 — ). An Eng-
lish botanist. Born at Guisborough, England,
he was educated at the schools of the Society of
Friends at Ackworth and Y'ork. Later lie be-
came lecturer on botany at the Loudon Hospi-
tal, and in 1856 he was appointed assistant
curator at the Kew Herbarimn. He has also
been associate editor of the Journal of Botany.
Baker has published several works of impor-
tance on systematic liotany, among the more
important of which are the following: Synopsis
Filicum (London, 1883), which is a later edi-
tion of the work begun by .T. D. Honker under
the same title in 1868, and which is a descrip-
tive catalogue of all species of fenis known at
that time; Monof/raph of the liritish Roses
(1869) ; Monograph of the Ferns of Brazil
(1870); Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles
(1877); Flora of the English Lake District
(1S85); Handbook of the Fern Allies (1887);
Iliindhnok of the Arnaryllidaccw (1888); and
Ihiiulhook of the Bromeliacca; (1889). A large
number of shorter papers on botanical subjects
have appeared in scientific journals. Baker was
elected to the membership of the Royal and
Linnnean societies, and has received honors from
several scientific associations.
BAKER, Sir Richard (1568-1645). The author of the Chronicle of the Kings of England, a book long esteemed and quoted on all matters of English history by the country-gentry. Addison makes his model squire. Sir
Roger de Coverley, refer to it frequently. Baker
was bom in Kent, was educated at Oxford, and
in 1603 was made a knight. About 1020 he married and settled in Oxfordshire, of which county he was made high sheriff; but he was soon after thrown into the Fleet Prison for debt, and here he wrote his Chronicle, first published in 1641, besides several pious works
of less note. He died in prison, in great poverty.
BAKER, Sir S.^iruEL White (1821-93). An
English traveler, explorer, and sportsman, borii
in London. He studied in England and Ger-
many, and in 1848 established an agricultural
colony at Newara Eliya, Ceylon, where he re-
mained until 1855, and achieved much reputa-
tion as a hunter of big game. In 1859-60 he
superintended the construction of a railway
connecting the Danube with the Black Sea. In
1861 he set out from Cairo for the discovery
of the source of the Nile. He first explored
the Atbara, Setit, and other Nile tributaries
of northern Abyssinia, added somewhat to gco-
grajjhical knowledge of the region, and demon-
strated that to these tributaries the Nile sedi-
ment is due. Thence he (in 1802) proceeded up
the Nile to Gondokoro, here he awaited the
arrival of Speke and Grant, who had left Bago-
wayo in 1860, and the former of whom had
discovered the Victoria Nyanza to be the true
Nile source. Informed by Speke of another
lake, said to be crossed bj- the Nile on the river's
course to Gondokoro, he continued his journey
amid the defiance of the slave-traders and the
mutiny of his troops, and on March 14, 1864,
discovered the Albert Nyanza. Tluis, notwith-
standing the inaccuracy of some of his observa-
tions, subsequently rectified by Stanley, he had
finally cleared away the mystery from the Nile
jiroblem which, since Herodotus, had perplexed
the world. In 1869-73, with the rank of pasha
and major-general, he commanded an expedi-
tion sent out by the Khedive of Egypt for the
suppression of the slave traffic, the establish-
ment of regular trade, and the opening to com-
merce of the great equatorial lakes. Subse-
quently he explored and hunted in Cyprus,
Syria, India, Japan, and the United States.
He wrote: The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon
(1853); Eight Tears' Wanderings in Ceylon
(1855); The Alhert ISlyanza (1866); Cast Vp
by the Sea (1868); Ismailia (2 vols., 1874) ;
Wild Beasts and Their Ways (1890) ; and other
works. Consult the T. D. Murray and A. S.
White Memoir (London, 1895).
BAKER, Thomas (16.56-1740). An English
antiquary and author. He was born at Lan-
chester, Durham, and was educated at Saint
John's College, Cambridge, where he soon be-
came a fellow. As a non- juror he lost in 1090
the rectory of Long Newton, and in 1717 his
fellowship, but spent the last fifty years of his
life at Cambridge. He is known chiefiy from
his valuable manuscript collections, comprising
42 folio volumes, on the history and antiquities
of the University of Cambridge. His history
of Saint John's College was edited by Professor
Mayor in 1867.
BAKER, Valentine (1825-87). An English
soldier, known as Baker Pasha, brother of Sir
Samuel White Baker. He served in the Kaflir
War in 1853, received two medals for bravery
in the Crimean War. and was promoted to
colonel of the Tenth Hussars in 1860. He left
