sonally, as to non-litigious matters (such as making his will, or a settlement of his property); (4) a barrister's fee is an honorarium, not recoverable by legal process." As a barrister cannot enforce payment for his services, the law exempts him from liability for negligence in the performance of his professional services.
There is no distinct order of counsel corresponding to barristers in the United States, the functions of counsel, or advocate, and of attorney, or solicitor, being performed by the same person.
BARROIS, ba'rwa', Charles (1851—). A French geologist and paleontologist. He was born at Lille, and was educated at the university there, where he afterwards held the chair of natural sciences. He had charge of the official geological corps in Brittany, and has contributed important papers descriptive of the geological structure and the fossils of that region. He has been an active member of the Société Géologique du Nord, and of the Société Géologique de France, and has served as general secretary, and as secretary of committees of the International Geological Congress. Among his literary contributions to the sciences are: Traité de Paléontologie, 5 vols. (Paris, 1883-93), which is a translation of Zittel's Handbuch der Paläontologie. The following monographs embody the results of part of his researches on the geological formations of France and the neighboring countries: Le terrain crétacé supérieur de l'Angleterre et de l'Irlande (1876); "Les terrains anciens des Asturies et de Galice," in Mémoires Soc. Géol. du Nord, Vol. II. (Lille, 1882); "Faune du calcaire d'Erbray (Loire-Inférieure), contribution à l'étude du terrain dévonien de l'ouest de la France," in Mémoires de la Société Géologique du Nord, Vol. II. (Lille, 1889); "Mémoire sur le terrain crétacé du bassin d'Oviédo (Espagne)," in Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Vol. X. (1879); "Mémoire sur la distribution des graptolites en France," in Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord (Lille, 1892); "A Geological Sketch of the Boulonnais," in Proc. of the Geologists' Association, Vol. VI., pp. 1-37 (1880); 'Sondages aux environs de Lille," in Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, Vol. XXVI., pp. 17-33 (Lille, 1897).
BAR'RON, James (c. 1768-1851). An American naval officer. He was born in Virginia, went to sea at an early age, commanded several merchantmen, and in 1798 entered the United States Navy as first lieutenant. In 1806 he was promoted to be commodore, and in the following year commanded the Chesapeake, when that vessel was attacked and forced to surrender three of her crew, alleged to be British deserters, by the British frigate Leopard. (See Chesapeake, The.) Barron, though only in part to blame for the tame submission of his vessel, was bitterly attacked throughout the country, was tried by court-martial, and found guilty of "neglecting, on the probability of an engagement, to clear ship for action," and was suspended from active service for five years. Though he was subsequently assigned to shore duty, he never afterwards was in active service, and never regained his old professional status. Believing himself to be the victim of persecution at the hands of a cabal of officers, headed by Decatur, he challenged the latter, and on March 22, 1820, mortally wounded him in a famous duel at Bladensburg, Md. Barron, though also seriously wounded, finally recovered, and in 1839 became the senior officer in the United States Navy.
BARRON, Samuel (1763-1810). An American naval officer. He was born at Hampton, Va., and was the brother of James Barron. He commanded a fleet of ten vessels in the operations against Tripoli in 1805, but in consequence of ill-health resigned his command in favor of Commodore John Rodgers. Just before his death Barron was made commander of the Gosport Navy Yard.
BARROS, blir'ros, Arana Diego (1830—).
A Chilean historian, born at Santiago. He was
forced by ill-health, in 1849, to abandon the prac-
tice of the law, for which he had been prepared,
gave himself up to historical studies, and became
known as an authority on the history of his
country. He was a constant traveler, and col-
lected information from all possible sources on
his favorite subject. In 1863 he was made rec-
tor of the Instituto Nacional. Among his publi-
cations are Estudios históricos sobre Vicente
Benavides y la campañas del sur 1812-21 (San-
tiago, 1850); Historia de la independencia de
Chile (1854-58); Historia de la literatura
(1870); Histoire de la guerre du Pacifique
(Paris, 1881, written by order of the Govern-
ment); and Historia general de Chile (12 vols.,
Santiago, 1884-93).
BARROS, João de (1496-1570). One of the
most important of the early Portuguese his-
torians, for both his conscientious use of original
sources and the excellence of his style. He was
born at Vizeu and became page to the Crown
Prince (afterwards John III.), for whose amuse-
ment he wrote his three-volume romance, CVoni-
ca do Emperador Clarimnndo (Coimbra, 1520).
After the accession of King John III., Barros
was appointed successively captain of the for-
tress São Jorge de Mina, Governor of the Portu-
guese possessions in Guinea, and in 1533 treas-
urer and general agent for Portuguese India. In
1539 he received from the King a grant of a
province in Brazil, but an attempt to colonize it
proved so ruinous that he was glad to return the
grant. He died in 1570. Barros's chief work
was his Decadas, a history of Portuguese India,
written in fulfillment of a royal commission.
The first 'decade' was the product of nine years'
labor, and appeared in 1552: the second fol-
lowed short Iv after: the third, not until ten years
later; while the fourth remained unfinished at
his death and was brought out a whole genera-
tion afterwards by his successor, Diogo do Couto,
who added eight inore volumes. A complete edi-
tion appeared at Lisbon in 24 vols. (1778-88).
Consult Manoel Severin de Faria, Vida de João
de Barros (Lisbon, 1624).
BARBO'SA, or BOROSA, A village of Spain, 16 miles south-southeast of Cadiz, celebrated as the place where General Graham, in March, 1811, with a handful of English troops, succeeded in gaining over the French, after his Spanish allies had retreated, one of the earliest victories of the Peninsular campaign. In its results the battle was indecisive, and the only thing the English gained was the glory of victory.
BARROT, ba'ro', Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873). A French statesman. He was born at Villefort, Lozère, July 19, 1791. In 1814 he became an advocate in the Court
