BARTH, Heinrich (1824-65). A German explorer and traveler. He was born at Hamburg, and received his education at the University of Berlin. After visiting Italy and Sicily, he embarked, in 1845, at Marseilles, and made excursions into Tunis, Tripoli, and Barea. He afterwards extended his researches into Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Greece, and in 1849 he published, at Berlin, Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres. Late in that year he and Dr. Overweg again sailed from Marseilles as the scientific companions of James Richardson, intrusted by the British Government with a political and commercial mission to Central Africa. Starting from Tripoli, the travelers crossed the Great Desert with much difficulty and danger. In January, 1851, they separated, and Dr. Barth pursued his researches, for the most part, by himself. In March of the same year, Richardson, and in September, 1852, Overweg, having succumbed to the climate, Barth thenceforward was entirely alone. He, however, continued his explorations, which, when he returned to Tripoli in September, 1855, had extended over 24° of latitude and 20° of longitude, from Tripoli in the north to Adamawa in the south, and from Baghirmi in the east to Timbuktu in the west — upward of 12,000 miles. The range of his investigations and the scientific manner in which he pursued them placed him in the front rank of African explorers. The result of his researches was given in his Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Zentralafrika (5 vols., 1857-58). Afterwards, he made several journeys in Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and other countries on the Mediterranean. He also published accounts of these travels, as well as works on the dialects of Central Africa.
BARTH, bart. Ft: pron. bar. or BART, Jean (1651-1702). A French^ naval hero. He was born at Dunkirk, and a(. an early age entered the
Dutch Navy, but on the outbreak of war between
Prance and Holland, he passed over to the French
service. As persons not of noble birth could not
then obtain the rank of officer in the navy, he
became captain of a privateer. In this capacity
he displayed astonishing bravery, so that Louis
XIV, dispatched him on a special mission to the
Mediterranean. He became a terror to the
Dutch Navy and a serious menace to the com-
merce of Holland. On one occasion, with six
vessels, he broke through a blockading fleet, shat-
tered a number of the enemy's ships, and con-
voyed a trans])ort of grain safely into Dunkirk
Harbor. His exploits overcame the disadvan-
tages of his birth, and he was made lieitenant
and soon after captain in the regular navy. In
an action against a superior English force lie was
taken prisoner, and carried to Plymouth, from
which he made his escape in an open fishing-boat
to France. His career continued to be a suc-
cession of dare-devil exploits carried out with
consummate coolness. He cost the English and
the Dutch merchants many millions, and their
navies many ships. He was later ennobled by the
King, but always remained the same gruff, com-
mon sailor. Consult: Badin, Jean Bart (Paris.
1867); LandcUe, Jean Hart et son /i7.s (Paris,
1874).
BARTH, bart, Karl Heinrich (1847—). A German musician. Ho was born at Pillau, Prus-
sia, and was a pupil of von Biilow, Brousart,
and Tausig. He was long a member of the
well-known trio, Barth, de Ahna, and Haus-
niann, whose chamber-music recitals were widely
celebrated.
BARTH, Paul (1858—). A German socio-
logical writer. He was born at Baruthe in
Silesia, August 1, 1858. He is editor of the
Vierteljahrssclirift fUr icissenschaftliche Phil-
osophie, And a professor (ausserordentlich) in
the University of Leipzig. He has written on
philosophical subjects, but his Philosophie der
(Icschichte uls Soeiologie, the first volume of
which appeared in 1897, is the best historical
sketch of the development of sociological theory
which has been published in Germany. Among
Dr. Earth's other writings should be mentioned:
Oescit iehfsphilosopliie Iler/els und die Hegelianer
his aiif Marx und llartmann (1890); Tiberius
(Iraccluis (2d ed., 180.3) ; Beicegqriinden des sitl-
lichen Handelns (1889).
BARTHEL, bar'td, Melchior (1025-72). A
German sculptor. He was born at Dresden, and
studied with his father and with .Johann Boehme,
of Schneeberg (1040-45), and settled at Dresden,
where he was appointed sculptor to the court.
His principal works are the colossal tomb of the
Doge Giovanni Pesaro (Santa Maria dei Frari,
Venice) ; the statue of John the Baptist (Oratory of Santa Maria, Nazareth) ; and a tomb in San
(iiovanni e Paolo, Venice. His numerous ivory
carvings in the Green Vault at Dresden are
considered superior to his more elaborate works.
BARTHELEMY, bar'ta'l'-me', Antoine. See
Proust, Axto^i.x.
BARTHELEMY, Auguste Marseille ( 1796-
1867 ) . . Frcncli poet and politician. He was
born at Marseilles, studied in the Jesuit College
of Juilly, and came to Paris with some repu-
tation as a poet after the Restoration. lie
speedily acquired fame as a satirist, and his light
but stinging verse made all Paris laugh and
many statesmen wince. Espeeiallj' the ministers
of Charles X. were his prey, and satirical epics
named after them, Les Sidiennes, La Villeliade,
La Corhicreide, La Peyronneide, followed each
other in close succession. Imprisoned for ex-
pressing Napoleonic sentiments, he was liberated
by the Revolution of .July, and turned at once to
the support of Louis Philippe. With time his
popularity waned, but he continued to pour out
an endless stream of brilliant ver.se to the day
almost of his death. His fine talents, however,
were too often at the disposal of the highest
bidder: and he sang Napoleon III. as he did the
Revolution of 1830. Of his serious work, L'ln-
Kurreetion and Sapoleon en Egypte, deserve men-
tion.
BARTHELEMY, Francois, Marquis de (1747-1830). A French statesman. He was
born at Aubagne, in the Department of Bouehes-
du-Rhone, and after serving in the bureau of
foreign affairs under the Due de Choiseul, acted
as secretary of legation in Switzerland, Sweden,
and England. The reputation he gained as
negotiator of the treaties of Basel (q.v. ) led to his being chosen one of the five directors in 1797. But his royalistic sympathies and his connection with the Clichians (a club of reactionaries) brought about his downfall on the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797) and his transportation to Guiana. He escaped from there, returned to France after the 18th Bruniaire (November 9, 1799), and was made a Senator by Napoleon,
