whom Bartholemy sedulously fawned upon till 1814, and then expeditiousry deserted in time. Louis XVIII. made him a minister of state and a marquis. In 1819 he proposed the restriction of the electoral franchise, a measure which was carried the following year. Barthelemy was a man of considerable ability and slight political integrity. Consult Kaulek, Papiers dc Barthele- my (Paris, 1887).
BARTHELEMY, Jean Jacques (1716-95).
A French Orientalist and antiquarian, born at
Cassis and remembered for his Voyage du jeune
Anachnrsis (1788), on which he labored thirty
years. The voyage, or jouniey, of the Scythian
Anacharsis involves an account of the customs,
government, and antiquities of Greece, as they
might have appeared to a classical traveler. The
experiences of the youth are supplemented by
dissertations on literature, music, economy, etc.
The learning is not profound, but it is wide ; the
character of the supposed narrator is well sus-
tained, and though now superseded, the work
was immediately and immensely popular. It
brought its author a seat in the Academy, and
such general regard that, though arrested during
the Reign of Terror, he was immediately released
by the Committee of Public Safety. He died in
Paris, April 30, 179.5. A modern attempt to
imitate the Anaehnrsis, which was translated
into English (1791) and many other languages,
is the Charicles of Becker, which has greater
learning, but less charm.
BARTHELEMY SAINT-HILAIRE, biir-ta'l'-me' saN' te'lfir', Jules (1805-95). A French scholar and statesman, best known for his commentaries and translations of Aristotle ( 1837-70). He was born in Paris, and in early life took an active part in radical political journalism, but became in 1838 professor of Greek and Latin philosophy in the Coll6ge de France. He took office during the Revolution of February, 1848, but retired for a time from public and professorial life after the coup d'etat of December 2.
He was reconciled later to the Empire and re-
sumed his professorship in 1862. From 1871 he
was again active in politics, — as deputy, sena-
tor for life (1876), and Minister of Foreign
Afiairs (1880-81). He died in Paris. His chief
works, beside the Aristotelian translations and
essays, are De I'ceolc d'Alexandrie (1845) ; llap-
port sur le coneours uuvert pour la comparaison
de la philosophie morale et politique de Flaton et
d'Aristote, avec les doctrines des plus yrands
philosophes modernes (1854); Sur les ^'edas
(1854) ; Du Bouddhisme (1855) ; Mahomet et le
Voraii (1867) ; La philosophie duns ses rapports
avec les sciences et la reliyion (1889J; and
Etude sur Francois Bacon (1890).
BARTHEZ, bjir'tas', Paul Jo.seph (1734-
1806). A celebrated French physician. He
studied medicine at Montpellier, became |)rofes-
sor in the university in 1761, and acquired Euro-
pean renown as a practitioner and lecturer. In
his principal work, Novreaux elements de In
science de I'homme (1778), he set forth a new
theory of life. According to this, there is in
the living organism a vital principle, which
should be distinguished, on the one hand, from
the conscious and thinking mind; on the other,
from the physical forces producing material
transformations in the body. The life of each
separate organ is but a modus, a particular
manifestation of the 'vital principle,' and should
not be regarded as a component part of the
latter. Barthez was a keen thinker; he pro-
duced no experimental facts that might ren-
der his hypothesis immediately valuable to the
biologist ; yet his enlightened views had the effect
of imparting a new and powerful impulse to
tile progress of science.
BARTHOLD, biir'tolt, Friedeich Wilhelm
(1799-1858). A German historian, born at
Berlin. He studied theology and history at the
universities of Berlin and Breslau, and was ap-
pointed professor of history at Greifswald in
1831. His principal productions are the follow-
ing: Geschiehtc von I'iiricn und Pommern (5
vols., 1839-45) ; Qeschichte dcr deutschen HIiidie
und des deutschen Biirgertums (4 vols., 1850-
52) ; Gescliichte der deutschen Hansa (3 vols.,
1854) ; Gescliichte des qrossen deutschen Kriegs
vom Tode Gitstav Adolf's ab (1841-43).
BARTHOLDI, liar'tol'de', FEfiD^Eic Auguste
(1834-1904 I. A French sculptor. He was born
at Colmar, Alsace, and at first studied painting
under Ary Schefl'er, but soon abandoned it for
sculpture, and produced a numl>er of sUitues.
allegorical groups, and monuments in bronze and
in marble. Among them the best known are the
colossal figure of "Liberty Enlightening the
World," presented by p'rance to the United
States, a colossal group presented by France to
Switzerland, the Lafayette Statue in New York,
the equestrian statue of Vercingetorix in Paris,
and the "Lion of Belfort," which is generally
considered his masterpiece. Bartlioldi was deco-
rated with the cross of the Legion of Honor in
1S65. See Liueety, Statue of.
BARTHOLDY, bar-tol'de. Jakob Salomon
(1779-1825). A Prussian diplomat. He w'as
born in Berlin, of Jewish ])arentage. and was
educated at the University of Halle. He fought
in the Austrian Army against Napoleon, and
afterwards entered the dijilomatic service of
Prussia, and accompanied tlie allied armies to
Paris in 1814, whence he was dispatched to Rome
in the following year as Prussian consul-general.
He W'as a great patron of the arts. The revival
of fresco painting was due largely to his influ-
ence and example. His valuable colleetiim of
antiques was bought for the Berlin iluseum of
Art, while the frescoes of his mansion at Rome,
file so-called Casa Zuceari. 'ere transferred in
1887 to the Berlin National Gallery.
BARTHOLIN, bilr'to-len. A family of Dan-
ish scholars of whom the first to win distinction
was Kasp.r (1585-1629). He was successively
professor of rhetoric, medicine, and theology at
the University of Copenhagen, and published, in
1611. Institutioiws AiHifomicw, a text-book of
anatomy used throughout Europe in the Seven-
teenth Century in German, English, French, and
other translations. Of his .sons, Jakob (1623-
53) was a distinguished Orientalist, and Thomas
(1616-80), a noted physician, naturalist, and
philologist, who revised his father's Anatomy
(1641), and was a warm defender of Harvey's
iloctrine of the circulation of the l)lood. Thomas
had two sons, K.spar (1654-1704), a distin-
guished anatomist, and Thojias (1659-90), an
antiquarian, author of Antiquitutum Danicaraiii
Lihri Trrs (1689), a standard w(jrk.
BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS (named after Kaspar Bartholin, who discovered them). Two
