hedonistic in action. In his prose, as in liis verse, the piiUosophy of science and the ethics of materialism coexist with tlie mysticism of , nieUiu'Val dcnionology. His ethics are pessimism reduced to the absurd, his aesthetics are a reduc- tion to the absurd of art; yet his poetry, iu spite of all its artistic theory and ethical teach- injl, has a perverse poisonous orifrinality that like arsenic preserves his memory gieen. The f'kurs du Mai have scattered their seeds wide, and Jiaudelaire is justly called the father of the decadent Symbolists. See Baudelaire's IVor/os, with a preface by Gautier (7 vols., 1808). Consult: James, French Poets and Kovelists (London, 1884) ; Asselineau, Charles Baude- laire, sa vie et so» criu-rc (Paris, ISSO) ; Brin- ton, "A Poet of the Decadence," in New Century liericie (London, 1897).
BAUDENS, bo'dllx', Jean Baptiste Lucien
( lS()-l-.")7 ) . A French surgeon. He was born at .ire. in the Department of Pas-de-Calais, and studied at the medical school in Paris. In 1823 he became connected with the hospital at Lille, and afterwards lived in Strassburg. In 182() he was made a surgeon to the military hospital in Paris, and from 1830 acted as army surgeon at Algiers, where he founded a hospital
for instruction. His writings include: Clinique
des plaics d'armes a feu (1830) and Nouvelle
methdilr des amputations (1842). His original
contributions consisted mainly in improvements
of the surgical treatment of bullet wounds.
BAUDHAYANA, bou-da'ya-na. An early
Hindu teacher or lawgiver. See Apastamba;
(jAlTAMA; VaSISIITA.
BAUDIN, br/dax', Charles (1784-1854). A
French ailniiral, born at Sedan. In an engage-
ment fought in Indian waters between the
French ship Scinillante and the English frigate
Terpsiehore, in 1808. he lost an arm, and was
shortly afterwards promoted lieutenant of the
vessel. In June, 1812, while convoying a fleet of
12 French transports laden with ammunition to
Toulon, he was pursued by English cruisers,
but efl'ected his escape, and subsequently in-
flicted heavy damage upon a brig attached to
the English squadron. After the battle of
Waterloo, Baudin volunteered to conduct the
Emperor successfully through the cordon of
English cruisers that guarded the coast of
France. He was appointed rear-admiral in
1838, and was intrusted with the command of the
fleet of 23 vessels sent against Mexico, and on
November 27, 1838, bombarded San Juan de
T'li'ia. the defenses of Vera Cruz, which capitu-
lated the following day. He retired from active
service in 1849.
BAUDISSIN, bou'dĭs-sĭn, Fr. pron.
bṓ'dḗ'sāN', Wolf Heinrich, Graf von (1789-1878). A
German author, born at Rantzau, in Holstein.
He entered the diplomatic service of Denmark
in 1810, and became secretary of legation successively
at Stockholm, Vienna, and Paris. In
1827 he settled at Dresden, where he collaborated
with Tieck in his famous German translation of
Shakespeare. The following plays were translated
by Baudissin, and were revised and
annotated by Tieck: Othello; King Lear; Much Ado About Nothing; Comedy of Errors; Taming of the Shrew; Measure for Measure; All's Well that Ends Well; Troilus and Cressida; Love's
Labor's Lost; Merry Wives of Windsor; Titus
Andronicus; Antony and Cleopatra. Among
Baudissin's other German translations are the
comedies of Molière (4 vols., 1865-67).
BAUDISSIN, Wolf Wilhelm, Graf von
(1847— ). A German theologian, born at
Sophienhof, Holstein. He studied at Berlin,
Erlangen, Leipzig, and Kiel, and was professor
at Strassburg from 1876 to 1881. From 1881
to 1900 he was professor at Marburg, and in
the latter year was called to Berlin. He has
published: Translationis Antiquæ Arabicæ Libri
Jobi quæ Supersunt (1870); Studien zur
semitischen Religionsgeschichte (1876-78); Die
Geschichte des alttestamentlichen Priesterthums
untersucht (1889); August Dillmann (1895).
BAUDRILLART, bo'drc-'yar', Henri .Joseph
LCox (1821-92). A French political economist
and author. He was born in Paris, studied at
the College Bourbon, and after 1855 Avas editor
of the Journal des Economisfes. In 1800 he
was appointed professor of history and political
economy in the College de France, in 1809 gen-
eral inspector of libraries, and in 1881 a professor in the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. He
published: Manuel d'economie politique (1857) ;
Lev pojuilations agricoles de la France (1880-
88 ) , and other works.
BAUDRY, bo'dre', Paul Jacques Aim6
(1828-80). A French painter. He was born at
La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendee, and became a pupil
of Drolling in Paris, whither he was sent with
a stipend from his nafive city. Having won
the Grand Prix in 1850, he studied in Rome,
forming himself especially after the great Vene-
tian masters. After his return he speedily
rose to the front rank among contemporaneous
artists, became a member of the Institute in
1870, and commander in the Legion of Honor
in 1875. He excelled as a decorative painter,
his works in the grand foyer of the Opera House
in Paris ranking among the most brilliant crea-
tions of modern art. They were executed in
1800-74. His masterpiece, however, is "The
Glorification of the Law," adorning the ceiling
in the Palace of Justice. This brought him
the Medal of Honor in 1881. Among his other
works the best are: "Fortune and the Child"
(1853); "Saint John the Baptist;" "Execution
of a Vestal" (1855) : "Toilet of Venus" (1859) ;
"Charlotte Corday" (1801) ; "The Pearl and the
Wave" (1803). He w^as also greatly esteemed
as a portrait painter.
BAUER, bou'er, Adolf (1855—). An Aus-
trian liis((irian, born at Prague. He studied at
the universities of Vienna, Berlin, and Bonn, and
in 1891 was appointed professor of ancient his-
tory at the University of Gratz. The most im-
portant of his publications are; Die Entstchung
des Herodotischen (jesehichtsH-erkcs (1878) ; Thc-
mistolcles (1881); Die grieehischen Kriegsaltcr-
thiimer (1880); Lillerarisehe und his'lorisehe
Forschungen zu Aristoteles' 'keifvaiav UoKirtla.
(1891); and Die Forschungen zur grieehischen
(IcschicMe lSSS-98 (1899).
BAUER, Anton (1772-1843). A German jurist and criminalist, born at Marburg. He was appointed professor at Gijttingen in 1813. He is known as the originator of a theory of punishment according to which punishment finds its justification in the warning conveyed by the
