penalty. His works include: Cfrundsatze des peinlichen Rechts (Marburg, 1806), later pub- lished as Lehrbiich dcs titral'pozesses, the first text-book of the science, and Die Warnungs- iheorie (Gottingen, 1830).
BAUER, Bruno (1809-82). A rationalistic
German critic. He was born at Eisenberg, in the
Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. on September b, 1809.
He was the son of a porcelain painter, and stud-
ied at the University of Berlin, where he be-
came privatdocent in the theological faculty in
1834. He was transferred to the University of
Bonn in 1839, but was deprived of his lectureship
in 1842 on account of his rationalistic boldness.
He then removed to Berlin, and for many years
devoted himself to the destructive criticism of the
Scriptures until, having to his owii satisfaction
shown that they had no authority, he abandoned
such studies, and devoted himself chiefly to his-
torical and critical i^ublications. His writings
are very numerous. All of them exhibit great
learning, industry, research, and acumen, but are
completely antagonistic to the received opinions
in theology- or to any form of evangelical religion.
For instance, in his Ch7'istus und dip Ciisaren
(Berlin, 1877, 2d ed. 1879), he claims that
Christianity was really founded by Seneca!
He is generally admitted to be quicker in the
discoverv of error than of truth. He died at
Rixdorf.' a suburb of Berlin, April 15, 1882.
BAUER, Edgar (1820-86). A German pub-
licist, brother of Bnmo Bauer, born at Charlot-
lenbiirg. He studied theology and jurisprudence
at Berlin, and divided his time between travel,
literary' work, and conflicts with the law. He
served a term of imprisonment for having writ-
ten Der Streit der Kritik mit Kirche und Staat,
which was confiscated by the Prussian authori-
ties, but was afterwards republished in Bern
(1843). His other writings include Die Rechte
des Herzor/tiims Holstein (1863) ; Die Deutschen
und ihir Xachbani (1870) ; and numerous other
works of a historical or polemical character.
BAUER, Georg. See Agricola.
BAUER, Karoline (1807-77). A German
actress. Slie was born at Heidelberg, March 29,
1807, made her debut at Karlsruhe in 1822, and
liad achieved a brilliant success there and at Ber-
lin in both comedy and tragedy, when in 1829
she married in London Prince Leopold of Coburg,
afterwards King of the Belgians. Their morgan-
atic imion was brief and unhappy. In 1831 she
returned to the stage, which she quitted only
upon her nuirriage to the Polish Count Ladislas
de Broel Plater, in 1844. Thereafter she lived
in Switzerland, where she died at Ziirich, October
10, 1877. Her Posthumous Memoirs, translated
into English (1884) with their denunciations
of King Leopold and Baron Stockmar, offer a
striking contrast to the two pleasing volumes of
theatrical reminiscences that had preceded them
in 1870 and 1877.
BAUER, Klara. (known also by the pen-name
Karl Dctlcf) (1836-70). A German writer of
fiction, born at Swinemiinde (Pomerania). Slie
became a teacher of pianoforte method at Saint
Petersburg, where for a time she resided in the
house of Bismarck, then Minister to Kussia. Her
writings, distinguished by considerable stylistic
merit and skill in the delineation of character,
include I'nioxliche Bande (18G9; 3d ed., 1877);
Musste es sein? (2 vols., 1873; 2d ed., 1875);
and Ein Dokutnent (1876; 2d ed., 1878).
BAUER, Louis (1865—). An American
astronomer and magnetician, born in Cincinnati,
Ohio. He graduated at the University of Cin-
cinnati in 1888, and was appointed astronomical
and magnetic computer of the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey. In 1895-96 he was
instructor in mathematical physics at the University of Chicago, in 1896-97 instructor there in geophysics, and from 1897 to 1899 associate professor of mathematics and mathematical physics at the University of Cincinnati. He also became chief of the territorial magnetism division of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
BAUERNFEIND, bou'em-fint, Karl jSIasi-
IIILIAN VON ( 1818-94 I . A German engineer, born
at Arzberg ( Franconia ) . He studied at Nurem-
berg and Jlunich, and in 1846 was appointed
jirofessor of geodesy and engineering science in
the School of Engineering at Munich. In 1868-
74 and 1880-83 he was director of the Technical
College of jMunich, originally organized accord-
ing to plans devised by him. He retired in 1890.
He was the inventor of the prismatic cross, ex-
tensively used in surveying. His original investi-
gations were very extensive. Among his numer-
ous works are Zur Brilcl;cnhaul;vnde (1854; re-
vised ed. 1878) and Zur Wasserhaukunde (1860).
BAUERNFELD, bou'ern-felt. Eduard von
(1802-90). An Austrian playwright and poet,
born in Vienna. He was a friend of Grillparzer
and of Franz Schubert, for whose opera, Der
Graf von Gleichen, he wrote the libretto. His
works, which were varied, included political fic-
tion, poetry, serious drama, and many very suc-
cessful comedies. These last are marked by
clever dialogue and skillful characterization, and
include Die Bekenntnissc (1834), Biirgerlieh und
Bomantisch (1835), Orossjiihriq (1846), Krisen
(1851), and Ans der aeseUsrluift (1866). He
was less successful in serious drama. His Gesam-
melte Schriften appeared in Vienna in 1871-73.
For his biography consvilt Stern (Leipzig, 1891)
and Horner (Leipzig, 1900).
BAUGÉ, bo'zha'. The chief town of an arrondissement in the Department of Maine-et-Loire,
on the Cousenon, 22 miles northeast of Angers. Iv, contains a fine old castle of the Fifteenth Century, formerl}' the seat of the dukes of Anjou, and is notable .as the scene of an English defeat in 1121, at which time their leader, the Duke of Clarence, was killed. Population, in 189(i, 3344.
BAUHIN, bo'aw', G.^.spar (1560-1G24). A
Swiss botanist and anatomist. He was born in
Basel, and became professor of anatoni}- and
botany there in 1588. In 1614 he was made
professor of medicine. His most important work
is the Pinax Theatri Botanici (1623). His work
on anatomy, entitled Tlicatrum, Attatotiiicum
(1621), has considerable historical value.
BAUHIN, Jean (1541-1613). A Swiss
botanist, brother of Caspar Bauhin. He de-
voted his life to the study of botany, and pub-
lished many excellent works, the most important
and best known of which is his Historia Uiiivcr-
siilis Phinlnrum Voco ct Absolvti.isimn, conqdet-
ed by others and published after his death.
BAUHIN'IA (after the botanist Bauhin).
A genus of plants of the natural order Legumi-
