5>or at the _cadeniv df .Municli, and afterwards iH'came director of the Acadeniy of Hiiclapest. ]?cnrzur is, perliaps. the most faitliful disciple of I'ihity. His paintings show oriffinality of conception and splendid coloring. The follow- ing are among the most noteworthy examples of his art: "Farewell of Ladislas Hunyady" ( 18G7; JIuseum of Budapest) : 'Arrest of Rrd<6czy in 1701" (18()9; Rumanian Court); "l^ouis XV. in the Boudoir of Dubarry;" "Family of Lonis XVI. during the Assault on Versailles" (1,S72; D. O. Mills, New York): "Baptism of Saint Stephen" (1S75; JIuseum of Budapest); "Bacchauti" (18S1): "The Recomjuest of Buda hy t'harles of Lorraine" (ISS^S; ifuseum of Budapest) .
BEND (OF. bende, bumle, Fr. hande; ef. Eng.
hand) . (Hie of the honorable ordinaries, or more
i!n|inrtant charges in heraldry ((pv.).
BENDA, ben'da, Feaxz (1709-86). A Ger-
man vicdin virtuoso and teacher. He was bom
ai Alt-Benatek, Bohemia, and studied with
Liibel, Konicek, and Graun. He joined the
orchestra of the Crown Prince — afterwards
I'rcderick the Great — with whom he played about
50.000 concertos during a period of forty years.
He was considered one of the best performers
of his day.
BENDA, Georg (1722-95). A German nmsi-
cian. He was born at .Jnngbunzlau, Bohemia,
and studied vith his father, Hans Georg Benda.
He became kapellmeister to Duke Frederick
III. of Saxe-Gotha in 1748, and in 1704 went to
Italy at the Duke's expense for the jiurpose of
study. He returned to Gotha in 176(5, and de-
voted himself to compiisition, writing, in all,
about ten ojieras. several operettas, and the
stirring melodramas Ariadne uuf Xaxos, Medea,
Almaiisor, and Xadine. In 1778 he resigned his
position and visited Hamburg, Vienna, and other
cities, and finally settled at the little hamlet of
Kostritz. The important place which he holds
in the history of German opera is due to his in-
troduction of the music-drama with spoken
text. In other words, he was the originator of
tile pure melodrama, in which the whole musical
part is confined to the orchestra, while the dia-
lect is spoken.
BENDAVID, ben-dil'vit. Lazakus (1762-
1832). A German-Jewish philosopher and mathe-
matician. He was born in Berlin, studied at
Berlin and Gottingen, and for a number of
years lectured very successfully in Vienna in
exposition of the Kantian philosophy. Expelled
thence by a general decree against foreigners, he
continued to lecture and write in Berlin. His
publications include ^'crsuch iiher das Verijiuigen
(1794) ; Vorlrsurigen iiher die Kritilc der reinen
Yernunft (1795); Yorlesungen iiher die Kritik
der praktischen Vernunft (1796) and Veher den
Ursprung unscrer Erkenntnis (1802).
BENDEMANN, ben'dc-man, EnUARD JiTLrns
Friedrich (1811-89). A German painter. He
was born in Berlin of Jewish parents December
3, 1811, and went, at sixteen years of age, to
study in Dusseldorf. In 1828 he painted a por-
trait of his grandmother which attracted some
attention. He went to Italy in 1830. and re-
mained a year. On his return he began his first
great picture, "The Jews Mourning in Exile,"
which was exhibited in the following year at
Berlin, and, as the work of a youth of twenty-
one, created a sensation. It is now in the Mu-
seum at Cologne. With it may be 'classed two
other important pictures on kindred subjects,
"Jeremiah amid the Ruins of Jerusalem" (1837)
and "The Departure for Exile" (1872). Bende-
mann went to Dresden in 1838, as professor
of painting at the Academy, and was soon
commissioned by the King of Saxcmy to deco-
rate some of the principal rooms in the royal
palace there. For the throne-room he de-
signed a frieze painted on a gold background
running around the room, intended to sliow
the whole of human life, from birth to death,
in one continuous design. He also executed
for this hall four large historical pictures
from the life of Henry the Fowler. This
exacting work occupied the greater part of
his time for the next fifteen years. From
1859 to 1867 he was director of the Diissel-
dorf Academy. His better known paintings
include "Shepherd and Shepherdess" (1845),
"Cain and Abel" (1804). "Penelope" .( 1877),
and "The Sacrifice of Iphigenia" (1882). He
also made some illustrations for the Vibel-
iiiigcnlied which were much admired. He died
in Diisseldorf December 27, 1889.
BEN'DER, or BENDERY, byen-dyer^ (Ar.,
Turk., market, harbor). A district town in the
Government of Bessarabia. Russia, situated on
the right bank of the Dniester, 53 miles from its
mouth, and 36 miles from Kishinev, the capital
of the government (Map: Russia, C 5). It is
poorly built. It contains a number of churches,
synagogues, a mosque, and a g^'mnasium for
women. The trade is in grain, timber, animals,
and wine. The fort, situated near the town, was
abandoned in 1897. Population, in 1885, 44,700;
1897, 31,800. large portion of the i)opulation
is Jewish, and the rest consists of Russians, Ar-
menians, and Tartars. In 1770 the Russians
captured the place, and put the garrison and
inhabitants, then amounting to about 30,000, to
the sword. After changing hands repeatedly be-
tween the Turks and the Russians, Bender was
finall.y ceded to the latter by the Peace of
Bucharest, 1812. Charles XII. of Sweden lived
from 1709 to 1712 at Varnitza, a village near
Bender.
BENDER, Wilhelm (1845-1901 ) . A German
theologian and philosopher. He was born at Miinzcnberg, in Hesse, January 15, 1845. He studied at Giittingen and CJiessen, became professor of theology at Bonn, 1870, and was transferred to the philosophical faculty, 1888. An address he made at the Luther celebration of
1883 made a great sensation (Reformation und
Kirchentum, Bonn, 1884), because of its ex-
treme rationalistic tone, and he renewed the sen-
sati<m by his later publications, Das Wesen der
EeVufion und die Qrundqesefze der Kirehenhil-
dung (1886: 4th ed., 1888): and Der Kampf urn die Seligkeit (1888), in which he explains religious phenomena by purely naturalistic evolutionary philosophy. In 1899 he published the first volume of ih/thologie und Metaphyaik : Grundlinien einer (iesehichte der Weltansehauungen (Stuttgart).
BENDER ABBAS, ben'dfr abTias (.4r., Pers., harbor of Abbas). A seaport of Persia on the Strait of Ormuz, opposite the islet of Orniuz (Map: Persia, F 7). It is very poorly
