appearance in Bergen in 134S, and the city was
afterwards several times devastated by it. The
first treaty entered into by England with any for-
eign nation was made with Bergen in 1217. But
the English and Scottish traders were soon dis-
placed by the merchants of the Hanse towns, who
made Bergen one of their four depots, compelled
the fishermen to trade here exclvisively, and con-
tinued to exercise and abuse their monopoly until
their supremacy was broken bv an act issued by
Frederick II. of Denmark, in 1560. In 1703
their last warehouse fell into the hands of a
citizen of Bergen. Population, in 1891, 53.80-1;
in 1001, 72,179.
BERGEN. The capital of the island of Rii- gen, Pomerania, Prussia, and of the neighbor- ing islands. It has a fine Twelfth-Century Eo- luanesque church, with a lofty tower. There is a museum of local antiquities in the Rathaus. A fine view is obtained from the Rugard, 320 feet high, near the town ; this hill is crowned by the ruins of a fortification destroyed in 1316, and by a commemorative tower to Arndt the poet. Ber- gen has domestic and fishing industries. Popula- tion, in 1900, 4005. Consult Haas, Geschichte del- Stmli liergen auf Riigen (Bergen, 1893).
BERGEN, ber'gen, Joseph Young {1851 — ). An American scientist, born at Red Beach, Maine. He gradimted in 1872 at Antioch College (Yel- low Springs, Ohio), and was for a time succes- sively a member of the Ohio Geological Survey and "professor of natural sciences in Lombard University (Salisbury, 111.). In 1883 he be- came principal of the Peabody (Mass.) high school, and subsequently an instructor in the English high school of Boston. His publications include a text-book of }'hi/sics (with Prof. E. H. Hall, 1891) ami Elrmcitts of Botamj (1896).
BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, borK'en-op-zom' (Dutch 'the hill-fort on the Zoom'; Ger. Berg. hill). A town in the Province of North Brabant, Netherlands, about 20 miles north of Antwerp, on the river Zoom, at its moiith in the east branch of the Scheldt (Map: Netherlands, C 3). It contains an old castle, the old Gothic 'Great Church,' the ^largrave's palace, which has been converted into barracks, and the town - hall, of interest for its portraits. Bergen - op - Zoom's chief industries are pottery and brick-making, and it also exports considerable quantities of oysters and anchovies. The town is connected by a canal with Antwerp, and has railway com- munication with other cities. Bergen-op-Zoom was taken l)y the Dutch in 1576, and successfully held against .the Spanish all through the War of Independence, during which it sustained five sieges. It was strongly fortified by the engineer, Coehorn, but was, nevertheless, taken by the French under Liiwendal in 1747. In 1794 it capitulated to the French under Pichegru. Popu- lation, in 1899, 13.668.
BERGENROTH, berK'pn-rot, Gttstav Adolf (1813-69). A German historian. He was bom at Oletzko (East Prussia), and studied at the University of Konigsberg. He entered the diplo- matic service, from which he was dismissed for participation in the Revolution of 1848, and in 1850-51 was in America. In 1857 he settled in England, there to pursue in the State archives in- vestigations concerning the times of the Tudors. To this end he also visited Simancas, Spain, and in 1862-68 published in London his Letters, Dispatches, and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations Between England and Spain (3 vols. ) .
BERGER, berK'er, Ludwig (1779-1839). A German pianist and composer, born in Berlin, where he studied with Giirrlich and Clcmenti. He followed dementi on his concert tours to Saint Petersburg (1805), Stockholm and Lon- don (1812). Afterwards he returned to Berlin, where he became the instructor of ilendelssohn, Taubert, Henselt, and many other rising artists of the day. His pianoforte works, such as the Toccata, the Studies, and the Rondo, are still popular.
BERGER, bfir'zha', Philippe (1848 — ). A French Orientalist, born at Beaucourt, Alsace. He studied at Strassburg and Paris, and was assistant librarian of the institute and professor of Hebrew at the Sorbonne. He succeeded Renan as professor of Hebrew, Syriae. and Chaldee at the College de France. He published L'Ecriture ct les inscriptions s^mitiques (1880); L'Araliie avant Mahomet (1885); Histoire de I'ccriture dans Vantiquite (1892); Ettides sur les ren- seignements fournis sur le gnosticisme par les J'hilosophonniena (1893), and other works.
BERGERAC, bfir'zhrak' {Brageracum of the Middle Ages). A town in the Department of Dordogne, France, about 25 miles south-south- west of Perigueux (5 lap: France, G 7). It is situated in a fertile plain on the right bank of tlie river Dordogne, which is here crossed by a fine bridge of five arches. It has a fine Gothic church, Notre Dame, built in 1856, a court- house, and is the seat of a Protestant Consistory. Its industries comprise breweries, tan-yards, paper - mills, extensive production of serges, earthenware, iron, cop])er-ware, hats, and hosiery. It has a large trade in truffles, wine, brandy, etc., being in fact the entrepot of trade in the de- partment, which is celebrated for its wine, known as Bergerac, or 'small champagne.' Population, in 1896, 15,642. Bergerac was taken and forti- fied by the English in 1345, who, after being driven out by Louis of Anjou, again got pos- session of it, and retained it until 1450. The town sufi'ercd greatly in the religious wars. It was dismantled by Louis XIII. in 1621.
BERGERAC, SAVT^•reN Ctbano nE (1619-.55). A French novelist and dramatist, important in the development of realism in the novel and on the stage. He was born in Perigord, and edu- cated at the Coll&ge Beauvais, whose principal was the butt of his satire in Le pedant jou4 (1654). Later he derived from Gassendi an in- terest in science, and from Campanella some as- trological lore. He divided his young manhood between literature and gay adventure, served tw^o years in the Guards (1039-41), and was twice wounded. He had through life the reputation of a reckless duelist. He traveled in England and Italy, possibly also in Poland. He died as the re- sult of an accident after an illness of fourteen months, during which it is claimed that his manu- scripts were mistreated and altered by the Jes- uits. He had published during his short and rest- less life a volume of letters largely satirical, a political satire on Mazarin as Le ministre d'Hat flaniM; Aprippine, a tragedy (1653); and Le pMant jouf, a comedy ( 1054) . His most famous book, Bistoire coinique des Hats et empires de la Lune, appeared in 1656 (possibly in 1650), fol-
