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HIPPIAS. 92 principle as that of their father, and many dis- tinj^uished jjoets, including .Siniunides of C'eos and Anacreon of Teos, lived at Athens under their patronage. After the assassination of Hippar- elius, in B.C. 514, Hippias seized the reins of government alone, and avenged the death of his lirotlier by imposing extraordinary ta.xes, selling ollices, and putting to death all of whom he enter- tained the least suspicion. At length, however, his despotism was overthrown. The Delphic oracle was bribed to enjoin the Lacediemonians to free Athens from the Pisistratid;e, and after one or two unsuccessful attempts the tyranfs old enemies, the Alema-onida-, to whom Megacles belonged, supported by a Spartan force under Clcomenes. defeated Hippias in the field, cap- tured his children, and compelled him anil all his relatives to leave Attica (B.C. 510 1. As soon as they had departed, a decree was passed condemn- ing the tyrant and his family to periK'tual ban- ishment, and a monument commemorative of their crimes and oppression va.s erected in the Acropolis. After s|x>nding some time at Sigeum, Hippias went to the Court of Darius, and incited the first war of the Persians against the Euro- ])ean Greeks. He accompanied the expedition sent under Datis and Artaphernes. and persuaded the Persians to land at Marathon. U cannot be determined whether he was killed .during the battle or whether he died at Lemnos on his return. HIPPIAS OF EO^IS (c.460 B.C.-?). A Greek mathematician, writer. <liplomat. and philosopher. He was a teacher of renown, a man of great pre tense, but a scholar of little originality. His teaching, for which his pupils were compelled to pay heavily, was directed to the practical end of success in a worldly waj', to display, and to ability in public address. It is probable that he is the Hippias mentioned by Proclus (on the authority of Geminus) as the inventor of the qnadratrix. a curve originally desigiied, it is thought, for dividing an arc in a given ratio, but which also lends itself readily to the quadra- ture of the circle. (See QuAnRATfRE.) This curve, however, usually bears the name of Dinos- tratos. si,n,. he studied it with so much care. HIPPID'IXJM. An extinct ancestor of the horse. Sec HoR.SE. Fossil. HIP'PO ( Lat., from Gk. 'Iirircii', llipjion) . or Hippo Regius. A Phoenician colony in North Africa, later a favorite residence of Masinissa, King of Numidia. of which the scanty ruins are yet to be seen, near Bona. Algeria. Hippo was a flourishing trading city under the Roman rule, and in later years the see of Saint .>igustine. who died here in A.D. 430. just l)cfore the de- struction of the city by the Vandals. HIP'POBOS'CID.a; (Xeo-I.at. nom. pi., from Gk. liriro/Soo-itis, hiitpohoskox. feeding horses, feed- ing on horses, from In-Tof, hippos, horse + picKftv, finskcin, to feed). A strange and impor- tant family of dipterous insects which are para- sitic upon birds and mammals, and which are popularly known by the name of 'bird-ticks.' Thiu is misleading, since they are not ticks, and arc not confined to birds, although the adults live and move quickly about among the feathers and hair of birds and mammals. Unlike most other external parasites of the higher animals, many of them possess wings, although they are otherwise modified as the result of their parasitic HIPPOCRATES. life. Their development is very abnormal, and dilfers from that of all other insects. The eggs hatch and the larva' develop within the mother, and are extruded only when ready to transform to pupiB. Ilippubusva ((/iiiMU is a winged species which occurs on the horse, and is known in Kng- land as the 'forest lly.' .Uclophaijus oiiiiiis is a wingless form, and occurs on the sheep. One of the commonest of the North American species is Olfrrsia Aiiicriiuiia, which is found upon cer- tain birds, like the horned owl, certain hawks, and the ruflcd grouse. The s|)ecies of the geniis Uipo])tena may, while still winged, live on birds, but afterwards thej' lose their wings, and are then fountl on mammals. HIP'POCAM'PTJS. Sec Sea-Horse. HIP'POCRAS (from Vr. hippocras. hypocras, from L.!!"!:. Hippocrates, Gk. 'iTriro/tpdTijs, Hip- pokrates, a famous Greek physician). An aro- matic medicated cordial, formerly much used in Great Britain. It was made of spiced wine, mixed with sugar, lemon, aromatic tincture, or other ingredients. HIPPOCRATES (Lat., from Gk. 'iTrn-oKpdTiyr, IliplHikrah's] ( c.4(i()-;i57 B.C.). A Greek physician, the most celebrated of antiquity, and justly called 'the father of medicine.' He was the sou of Heraclidcs, also a ])hysician, and belonged to the family of the Asclepiada', being either the nineteenth or seventeenth in descent from .Kscu- lapius. His mother, Pha'narete, was said to be descended from Hercules. He was horn in the island of Cos. Ho is said to have been instructed in medicine by his father and by llerodicus, and in philoso|ihy by Georgias of f.eontini, the soph- ist, and Dcmocritus of Abdern. whom he after- wards cured of insanity. After spending some time in traveling through diirennt parts of Greece, he settled and ]iracticed his profession at Cos, and finally died at i.arissa, in Tliessniy. He is said to have passed the ago of a hundred. We know little more of his personal history than that he was highly esteemed as a physician and an author, and that he raised the medical school of Cos to a very high reputation. His works were studied and quoted by Plato. Various stories are recorded of him by Greek writers, which are undoubtc<lly fabulous; and legends re- garding him are foimd in th^ works of Arabic writers, who Icrtii him Bnkr.Tt. while the Euro- pean story-tellers of the Middle Ages celebrate him under the name of Ypocras. Tho works hearing the name of Hipiiocrates, and termed the Hippocratic collection, are 7'2 in niimber, and in- clude many treatises by his sons, Thessalus and Draco, by his son-in-law, Polybus, and by others. The following are considered authentic: Epidrm- ics : Rcfjimcn in Aciitc Discasrs on Air, Wfitrr. and I'lacrs : On M'ounds of the Head; parts of the Aphorisms : and parts of the I'roijnostics ; the work on Ancient Medicines ; Joints; Fractures; The Vse of the Jjcver : JiOic ; TUcers ; Uo'mor- rhoids; The Haered Disease: Fistulw; and On the Duty of the Physician, as well as the Oath. Hippocrates divides the causes of disease into two principal classes — the first consisting of the influence of seasons, climates, water, situa- tion, etc.. and the second of more personal causes, such as the food and exercise of the in- dividual patient. His belief in the influence which diderent climates exert on the human constitution is very strongly expressed. He