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HITTITES. 112 HIVE SYRUP. Art in Sardinia, Asia Minor, Judcra, etc., vol. ii. (Paris, 1883); Sajee, The Hittiles (London, 1888) ; Wright, The Empire of the Hittiles (Lon- don, 1884 ) ; Lautshecre, De la race ct de la langue des Bittitea (Paris, 1891); Jensen, Uittiter und Armenier (Strassburg, 1898) ; Messer- schmidt, liemerkungeti zu den hcthithisehen In- sehriftcn (Berlin, 1898); id.. Corpus Itiscrip- lioiium Uctlicarum (ib., 1900). For .Icnsen's attempts at decipherment of the Hittite inscrip- tions, consult his articles in the Zcitschrift der diulsehcn MortjcnUindischen ficsellschaft, vol. xlviii. (Lcipzijr, 1894). See Cakchemi.sii. HITTORF, ^'tOrf, Jacques Igxack (1792- 1807). A French architect, born in Cologne. He went to Paris in 1810 to study art. and from 1819 to 1830 was architect to the Kin?. He was long engaged in the construction of public buildings, and at the embellishment of such public places as the Bois de Boulogne and the Champs Elyst-es. His chief work is the Church of Saint Vincent de Paul, in Paris. He published: Architecture antique de la SicUe (18-26-30); .-Irc/iifecfure moderne de la Sidle (1826-3,5); Architecture poll/chrome chez Ics Grecs (1851). all of which are still considered valuable contributions to the literature of architecture. HITTORF, hit'torf, Joh.o-n Wilhelm (1824 — ). A German physicist, born at Bonn. He has been since 1852 professor of chemistry and ]iliys- ics at MUnster. Hittorf's earliest important researches were in electrolysis, and he was able to e.tend Faraday's work, his method of determining the mobility of ions being of the greatest importance to physical chemis- try. In addition to his work in electrolysis. Hittorf made elaborate investigations of the various plienomena attending the passage of electricity through ga.scs. In 1862 with Pliick- er he discovered that diflferent spectra could be obtained from the same substances under dififerent conditions of temperature. Later (1869), in studying the passage of electricity through tubes containing a rarefied gas, he ob- served that by increasing the exhaustion of the tube the dark space between the negative pole and the negative glow became wider, and that when the discharge from the cathode struck against the glass considerable fluorescence was produced. Hittorf also ascertained that these rays could l>e deflected by a magnet, and an- ticipated Crookes, who in 1878 published his famous researches with the vacuum or Crookes tubes and named the rays thus produced radiant matter. He investigated the allotropic occur- rence of selenium and phosphorus, and in tlie case of the latter substance he was successful in producing a crystallized form, black in color and with a metallic lustre. Hittorf's many valuable papers on physics and chemistrj' are to be found for the most part in PoggendorfT's and Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik (Leipzig, current). HITZIG, hitslK, EnrABD (1838—). A Ger- man alienist, grandson of the biographer and ju- rist .Julius Eduard Hitzig. He was born in Berlin, studied medicine there and in Wiirzburg, and in 1875 became professor of psychiatry at Zurich. Four years afterwards he became professor in' Halle, where he established an independent clinic for nervous and mental disorders, the first in Prussia. He wrote: Vntersuchungen iiber das Gehirn (1874), the result of long research on cerebral physiology and pathology, and esjiecially on localization of the various functions; Ueber traumatische Tubes (1894); and Uer Qucrulan- tittirnlinsinn (1895). HITZIG, Febuinaxd (1807-75). A German biblical scholar. He was born June 23, 1807, at Hauingen. Baden, and educated at lleidelU-rg, Halle, and UJittingen. In 1833 he was called to Zurich as professor of theology, with a special view to the e.egesis of the Old Testament; but his lectures embraced also the New Testament and the languages of the East. In 18(51 Hitzig returned to Heidelberg as professor. The first work which established his fame was his Z)ir I'rophet Jcsaia iibersctzt und ausgelegt (1833). Besides a trans- lation of the Psalms, with a commentary ( 1835- 36), lie furnished for the Kxegetischcs Handbuch zum alien TcslainenI the commentaries on the minor prophets (1838). on Jeremiah (1841), Ezekiel (1847), i:eclesiastes (1847). Daniel (1850). and the Song of Solomon (1855), with a translation of all the prophetical books as a sup- plement ( 1854). He died at Heidelberg, January 22, 1875. For his biography, consult Steiner (Zurich. 1882). HITZIG, JiLius Eduabd (1780-1849). A Ccniian iriiiiinal jurist and biographer. He was born in Berlin, studied law at Halle and Erlan- gen. and from 1799 to 1835 was connected more or less closely with the criminal courts of War- saw and Berlin. To this f^riod belong the Zeil- schrifl fiir die preusslschc Kriminalrachlsppege (1825) and Aiiiinlrn fiir dculxrhc und ausUn- disrhe Kriminnlrcchtspflege (1828), both found- ed by him. At Warsaw" he had been intimate with the poets Mnioch and Werner, and in Ber- lin he was even more prominent in literary cir- cles as founder of the •Mittwochsgesell.schaft,' a literary club. Hitzig was editor of the Presszei- lung (1840-44). and author of biographies of Werner ( 1823) . of ll.ifTmann ( 1823. ,3d ed. 1839), and of Chamisso (1839-40). With Haring, in 1S42. he began to publish I)rr neue Piluial: in 1H26 he had brought out Gelehrles Berlin im Jahre 1S25. HIVE-BEE. Tlie honey bee. See Bee. HIVES. .V name popularly given to the erup- tion kno«-n as urticaria or nettle-rash (q.v.). The eruption appears as white rounded elevations or long wheals, which turn red later, especially after scratching or rubbing, for the prurigo is intense. The u.se of lobsters or crabs has caused hives in some people. Certain drugs, such as the balsams, often cause it. After unloading the bowels, local treatment with dilute acids or bi- chloride of mercury will give relief. Alkalies and salicylates, taken internally, cut an attack short. HIVE SYRUP, Sgrupus ScillcF composilus. The compound syrup of squills, a plant growing on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulb is the oflicinal portion. It is generally dried for use, but is sometimes imported packed in sand, in a partially undried state. The syrup is prepared usually by taking of squill a moder- ately coarse powder: senega, a moderately fine powder; tartrate of antimony and potas«a: ' sugar: diluted alcohol; and water. The whole is carefully mixed according to formulse laid down in the Pharmaeopncia. In its action it is an emetic, and combines the virtues of senega.