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EOF. 125 HOFFMAN. HOF, hof. A town of Bavaria, situated on the Saale, in Upper Franconia, 32 miles north- east of Bayreuth ( Map : Germany, D 3 ) . It has an attractive thirteenth-century church, recent- ly restored, with some interesting contents, and an old Gothic Rathaus. There are a gj'mnasium, opened in 154(i, and a hospital dating from 1200. The numerous textile manufacturing establish- ments produce chiefly cotton and woolen goods. There are also exported machinery and other iron and steel products, chemicals, vinegar, pottery, and leather. Hof, with its industrial activities, is well equipped with conmiercial imions and banks. It has electric lights, water-works, and canal communication. The town was founded about the end of the eleventh century. The orig- inal name was Regnitzhof. It was almost de- stroyed by fire in 1823. Population, in 1890, 24,455; in 1900, 32,781; mostly Protestants. HOFDIJK, hof'dik, WiiiEM J.C0BSZOON (1810-88). A Dutch poet and author, born at Alkmaar. His first work, a romantic poem, Rosamunde (1839), attracted the attention of van Lcnnep, who obtained for him a clerk's position in the Government offices at Alkmaar. Afterwards he taught Dutch history and litera- ture in the gymnasium at Amsterdam, His works, which are in verse and prose, include the studies in Dutch history: Geschiedenis der yeder- landsche Letlerkunde (1856) ; Historixche Land- schappen (1850); Geschiedenis des Nederland- schen Volks (1865-72) ; Willem Frederik Hendrik, I'rins der Xederlanden (1880) ; and the poems: De Bruidsdans (1842) ; De Jonker van lirederode (1849) ; and Kenncmerland, Balladen (1850-52). He also wrote some poetical dramas, without much success. HOFEB, ho'fer, Andreas (1767-1810). A patriot leader of Tyrol. He was bom at Sankt Leonhard, in the valley of Passeier. November 22, 1767, His father was landlord of the inn 'Am Sand,' and the son -carried on the busi- ness, becoming known as the 'Sandwirt.' In 1796 Hofer led a body of sharpshooters against the French on Lake Garda ; in 1805 he fought against Xey in the valley of Passeier, and after Tyrol had been abandoned to France by the Peace of Pressburg he was chosen as one of the secret deputation which was sent to Vienna to represent to the Archduke John the sufferings of the people, and their wish to be reunited to Austria. But Austria was powerless, and in vir- tue of Napoleon's decree Tyrol was made part of Bavaria, The patriots, however, did not lose heart, and at the desire of the Archduke, Baron von Hormayr prepared for them a plan of in- surrection. The rising took place in 1809, on the renewal of war between Napoleon and Aus- tria. On April Uth Hofer defeated the Bavarian allies of France at Sterzing, and after they had rallied during the early part of May, he beat them again in the neighborhood of Inns- bruck, forcing them to evacuate Tyrol. Na- poleon, however, dispatched three armies to sub- due the rebellious peasantry, who had been abandoned by the Austrians bv the armistice of Znaim (.July 12. 1809). At fir-^t Hofer concealed himself in the valley of Passeier; but later speed- ily renewed the defense of Tyrol, and defeated the combined French and Bavarian forces under Lefebvre at Berg Is^ (August 13, 1809), driv- ing them from the country. For two months Tyrol was free, and Hofer act.td as head of the Government, but the Treaty of Vienna (October 14, 1809) resulted in a fresh invasion. The French and Bavarians poured into the coimtry, and, after an heroic struggle, Hofer was obliged to take refuge in the mountains. Two months later (January 28, 1810) he was betrayed into the hands of the French, conveyed to Mantua, and there shot, by order of Napoleon, after a summary trial. His family were indemnified for the loss of their property by the Kmperor of Austria in 1818, and his ion was ennobled. Hofer has been made the hero of tragedies by Auerbach and Immermann, and there are numer- ous patriotic songs about him in Tyrol. Con- sult: Hormayr, Das Land Tyrol und der Tyroler- krieg von 1809 (Leipzig, 1845) ; Heigel, Andreas fJofer (Mimich, 1874) ; Egger, Oeschichte Tyroh (Innsbruck, 1870-80); Stampfer, tSandicirt An- dreas Ilofer (Freiburg, 1891). HOFF, hof, Jakobus Hexdbikus van 't ( 1852 — ) . A Dutch chemist and coeditor of the Zeit- schrift fur physikalische Chemie, born at Rotter- dam. He studied at the universities of Delft, Leyden, Bonn, Paris, and Utrecht, and in 1876 became a teacher in the veterinary school at Utrecht. Two years later he was made a [jrofes- sor at the University of Amsterdam, and in 1896 was called to the University of Berlin, He was the founder of stereochemistry, and one of the most prominent investigators in the new physical chemistry. Among his publications are: La chiniie dans I'espace ( 1875) , translated by Arnold Eiloart as The Arrangement of Atom» in Space (1898); Torlesungett iiher theoretische und phrisikalisehe Chemie (18981000: vol. i.. 2d ed. 1901), translated by R. A. Lehfcld under the title Lectures on Theoretical and Physical Chem- istry (1898-99) ; and Aeht Vortriige iiher physi- kalische Chemie gehalten auf Einladung der Vnii-ersitat Chicago (1902). In 1901 he received the Ndhel prize for the most important contribu- tion to chemistry. HOFFDING, hef'ding, Har.ld (1843-). A Danish philosopher, born an^ educated in Copen- hagen. He was a school-tea cher between 1861 and 1871, in the latter year became instructor, and in 1883 professor in the University of Copenhagen. He was earlv influenced by Kierke- gaard and held to a distinction between knowl- edge and belief; but later became a positivist, though he joins with the views of that school the methods of critical philosophy and the results of psychological study. In ethics he is a utili- tarian of a moderate type, not holding that self- interest is the motive of action. His principal works are: Den ertoelske Filosofi i ror Tid (1874) ; Etik (last ed. 1879) : Psychologi i Om- rids paa Grundlag of Erfaring (last ed. 1892) ; Formal Logik til Bruq red Forelcesninger (last ed. 1890); Psykologiske Vndersogelser (1889); Kontinuiteten i Kants filosofiske Ddviklingsganff (1893); Den nyere Filosofis Bistorie (1894); Rousseau und seine Philosophic (1901); Det psi/kologiske Grundlag for logiske Domme (1899); Religionsfilosofi (1901); and ilindre Arbejder (1899). HOFFIffAN, Cn.BLES Fexxo ( 1806-^84) . An .iiicrican poet and novelist, bom in New York City. In early youth he had his leg crtished and amputated, but was not deterred thereby from athletics and an open-air life. Educated, but