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HOFMANN. 129 HOG. ncntal Europe and Great Britain, and in 1SS7-88 lie visited America. On the conclusion of the last-named tour he went into retirement for further study and preparation, and in 1894 made hi.s reappearance as a full-fledged concert virtuoso at Dresden, and subsequently toured every civi- lized country. On his reappearance in New York in 1901 he showed a vastly improved technique and great interpretative ability. He has com- posed several attractive numbers for the piano. HOFMANN, KoNBAD (1819-90). A German philologist, born near Bamberg. He studied med- icine at Munich and Erlangen, and philology at JIunicli, Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris. In- 18.52 he was put in charge of the materials gathered by iSclnneller in the library of Munich. In the fol- lowing year he succeeded Schmeller as professor of Germanic philology, assuming in 18G9 also the chair of Romance philology. Most of his writ- ings were for journals, especially the publica- tions of the Munich Academy, Romanische For- schiingen, and Pfeiffer's Germania. His other Avorks are: Editions of the Hildebrandlied (with Vollmar, 1850) ; Amis et Amiles, Jourdain de Blaivies (last ed. 1882) ; Primavera y Flor de Romances (with Wolf, 18.56) ; Karls des Grossen Pilgerfahrt (1866); Joufrois (1880); Lutwin's Adam und Eva (with Meyer, 1881); Chan- son de Roland (not published) ; and the critical works: C'eber die Griiiidung dcr Wissenschaft alt- drulscher t<prache und Litleratur (1857), and Ziir Tcxtkritik der yibelungen (1872). HOFMANNSWALDAtr, hof'mans-val'dou, C'iiKisTi.N HoFM.iK.v VON (1617-79). A German poet, born in Breslau; the chief representative of the so-called second Silesian school. He stud- ied at Le3den, and then traveled through the Netherlands, England, France, and Italy. On his return, and before he had reached the re- quired age. he was made a member of the Bres- lau cit}' council. His poetry was greatly influ- enced by the Italians Guarini and Marino, and departed more and more from the somewhat in- sipid and tasteless style of the previously author- itative Martin Opitz (q.v. ). Witty and endowed with considerable literary skill, he was much admired; his love lyrics were often imitated, and many editions of them were published. Con- sult Ettlinger, Christian Eofmann von Bof- mnnnsiialdau (Halle, 1891). HOFMEISTER, hof'mi-ster, Wii-hei-M (1824- 77). A German botanist, born at Tycipzig. He became professor of botany at Heidelberg in 186.3, and at Tiibingen in 1872. His researches in botany resulted in contributions of the greatest importance, especially to the department dealing with the reproduction of plants. He published Die Entstehung des Embryo der Phanerogamen (1849) and Yergleichende Untersuchungen hiihrrrr Kriiptogatnen und der Koniferen (1851). HOFSTEDE DE GKOOT, liof'.sta-dc de grot, PETRfs (1802-86). A Dutch theologian and re- former, born at Leer in East Friesland. In 1826 ho became pastor at Ulrum, and in 1829 pro- fessor in and preacher to the university at (ironingen. He was the head of the so-called Groningen school, the members of which style themselves the Evangelicals and form a middle Church party between the moderns and the or- thodox. The party organ was the Waarheid en I.iefde, of which Hofstede was an editor. His writings include: Opvoeding der Menschheid (2d ed. 1855) ; Institutio Theologiw yaturalis (4th ed. 1861); Die Oroninyer Theologen (1854); Over de evangelischcalholieke godyeleerdheid als de godgeleerdheid der toekomst (1856) ; Die mo- derne Theologie in den Xiederlandeti (1870). Consult Heerspink, Dr. Petrus Uofstedea leven en iccrken (Groningen, 1897). HOG, The Domestic (probably from hog, hag, to cut, Iccl. hoggva, Swcd. hugga, AS. heawan, OHG. houwan, Ger. hauen, to hew; connected with OChurch Slav, kovati, Lith. kduti, to strike, to forge; referring ordinarily to a castrated boar). All the known breeds of domestic swine (see Swine, for the general natural history of the race) may be divided into two groups: The European hog (.S'l/s scrofa), which is sprung from and resembles the wild boar; and ths Asiatic pigs, regarded as descended from the DENTITION OF THE WILD BOAB. Right upper and lower jaws, with their teeth and their nerves, exposed from the inside : /. i. incisors; c, c, canines (tusks); pm, premolars; m, molars. Indian wild boar (Sus cristatus) . The common hog {Sus scrofa) appears to be a native of most parts of Europe and Asia, and domesticated swine were found by the first navigators in many islands of the southern seas. Although the use of its flesh was prohibited to the Jews, and the prohibition has been adopted in the Mohammedan law, it constitutes a large part of the food of many nations. The fecundity of the hog is great; with proper treatment, it will produce two litters annually, generally of four to eight pigs each, although sometimes there are as many as four- teen in a litter. The period of gestation is usu- ally 16 weeks. Great quantities of the flesh and fat are consumed in various forms as pork, fresh or salted, bacon, ham. lard, and so on. Brawn is an English luxury. Hog skin is made into leather, which is highly esteemed for saddles. The bristles are much used for brush-making. Breeds. Numerous breeds of the domestic hog have resulted from selection and crossing and from conditions of environment favorable to im- provement. Apparently there were two original or native breeds in Great Britain, the old Eng- lish hog and a breed found in the Highlands of Scotland. From these our modern improved breeds have been developed by crossing the na- tive breeds with foreign hogs, principally the Chine.se and Neapolitans. The modern white breeds, with fine bone, thin skin, short legs, a tendency to fatten at an early age, take these qualities from the Chinese hog; while the black breeds, of which the Essex is a type, get their qualities from the Neapolitan stock. The Yorkshire is the principal of the English white breeds and is divided into three subvari- eties, the Large Whites, or Large Yorkshires, the Middle Whites, represented by the Cheshires, and the Small Whites or Small Y'orkshires, which are considered the smallest and finest of the white breeds. They mature early and fatten quickly.