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HOLDEKLIN. 144 HOLINSHED. an ineoiiiplftc drama, Knipidokhs ; translations from Sopliocles's U'.dipus and Antigone (1804); and the l.yrischc (icdicbte, mostly elegiac in tone, edited by Uhland and Seliwab (-Itli ed. 1878; in 1899," by Linke). A complete edition of liia works, with his letters and biography by Schwab, appeared at Stuttgart (184t)). t'onsult: Mil- brandt, Frkitrich lliildcrlin (Berlin. 189(i) : MUl- ler-Uastatt, Hotdcrlin. scin l.tbrn und srin Dirh- ten (JJremen. 1894): and Kleinllattingen. Ihu J^iebesleben Hulderlins, Lenuiis, llcincs (Berlin, 1900). HOLDING (Lat. lenementiim. a tenement, something held, from tenere. to hold). In Seotch law, an estate held of a superior, under the feudal .system of land tenure. It corresponds to the terms •tenement' and "tenure' in ICnglish and American law. See also Estate; 1'"ee; Fbee- IIOt-D. HOLE, William (1846—). An English paint- er and engraver. He was born at Salisbury, nnd was educated for an engineer at the Edin- burgh Academy and University, but an Italian journey having inspired liim with a desire to be an artist, lie studied at the Kiliiiliurgh school, and became associate (1878), ami full member (1889) of the Royal Scottish Academy. Aside from portraits. Hole's best paintings are: "The End of the Korty-Five" (1879) ; "The Eva of CuUoden" (1880); "If Thou Hadst Known" (1884); "News of Flodden" (188G); but he is more famous as an etcher, having made excellent reproductions of the masterpieces of Milli't. Con- stable. Velazquez, Millais. Thomson of l)n<MiMg- ston. and otiiers. In his later years he turned to fresco painting, and his work is to be seen in Saint .lames Church, and in the National Portiail (iiillcry, Edinburgh. HOLGTJIN, Al-gcn'. A city of Cuba, in the Province of Santiago de Cuba, and capital of the department of the same name, about 2.5 miles by rail from Cibara. its port (Map: Cuba, J 6). It is regularly built with several open squares and streets crossing at right angles, and it has a number of fine buildings. It exports tobacco. timl)er. corn, and cattle. It was founded in 1720. and rei'cived the title of city in 1751. Population, in 1899, (i.045. HOLIBUT. See Halibut. HOLIDAY (.S. htlUfi d(T(i. holy day) . A day set apart as a religious anniversary, or for the purpose of commemorating some extraordinary event, or of honoring the miMiiory of a distin- guished person. As a rule, holidays are occasions for rejoicing. People are expected to observe them "with the voice of joy and praise." (Ps. xlii. 4.) At times, however, they are accompanied by fasts rather than feasts. Of this character arc days of humiliation and prayer, such as Fast Day, formerly observed in Massachusetts and other New England States, and days specially ap- pointed from time to time by proclamation of Oovernment authorities or of ecclesiastical dig- nitaries. During the Middle Ages holidays became so numerous, in many parts of Europe, as to inter- fere seriously with industrial pursuits. One of the most important results of the religious refor- mation of the sixteenth century was the abolition of excessive holidays with its consequent increase in the volume of secular labor. The present tendency in this country appears to be toward the multiplication of legal holidays. -Many occasions are observed by Church or social or political organizations as holidays which are not declared holidays by law. A legal holiday is one set apart, either by common or by statute law, as a day of rest, or of cessation in whole or in part from ordinary business activities. Sunday is the only common-law holiday in this country, al- though (lood Friday has Ix'en recognized as such in England for centuries. Legal holidays are of two kinds, gemral or public, and special or lim- ited. On a public holidaj'. such as Sunday or the Fourth of July, public otliccs arc clo.sed, and persons under contract to render services are not bound to work for their employers. If they do labor at the request of their eiuplovers. they are entitled to extra pay. In England, and in many of our States, persons are pnjhibitcd from carry- ing on secular business or making contracts dur- ing Sunday. (See the article Su.n'DAY.) On spe- cial or limited holidays, such as some of the bank holidays Iq.v. ), exemption from labor and from the performance of contracts generally is contincd to a particular class of employees or to a designated section of the community, or to specified contracts. As a nation, we have no legal holiday, although Congress has appointed special holidays from time to time, and in the District of Columbia has made Labor Day a public holiday. It is cus- tomary for the President to appoint annually the last Thursday of November as a day of thanks- giving, but its observance as a. legal holiday is dependent upon State and Territorial legislation. At present there are about thirty different legal holidays recognized by our various States. Some of them, like the anniversary of the battle of New Orleans (Louisiana), lii'nnington battle day (Vermont). Patriots' Day (.Massachusetts), ami Lincoln's Birthday (New York), are confined to a single conmionwealth : while others, like Christ- mas Day and the Fourth of .Tuly, are ob.served throughout the Union. Consult: lirnokhot Daih/ Eagle Almanac (1902. p. 52); Thoughts for the Oecasion (New York. E. B. Treat, 1894): "Origin of Ilolidavs." .'?4, Pojiutnr .S'ricHcc Month- hi, 516 (1889) : "American Holidays," 02. Hatur- day Rerieu; 19 (1886); Manners. .1 Pirn for ^'ational Iloli/ Ihn/s (London. 18-13) : "The Holi- days." .■?2, n<iri,rr'.i Magiizine. 164. ."ioS (1866) ; "Bank Holidays." 22. Journnl of the Innlitiilr of lianher.i (Lcmdon. 1901); "What Should Our National Holidays Commemorate?" 15. Muxsa- ehunetts Ilisloriral f^ocietr/, second series. 506 (1902). HOLINSHED, or HOLLINGSHEAD, hol'- inz-hed, Rapii.el (?-1.580). An English chroni- cler. Little is known of his life save that he was of a Cheshire family, probably the son of Ralph Holinshed of Cophurst. in the township of Sutton Downcs. He is celebrated as the author of a history of England. Scotland, and Ireland, which the Elizabethan dramatists drew upon for material in the construction of their historical plays. The work had been started originally by Wolfe;, who. however, died in 157."? before its completion. Thereupon Holinshed un- dertook the work, and in 1578 appeared Raphael Hollingenhrd'x I'ronyelc. in two folio vohiines. Holinshed had been assisted by William Harrison, who wrote the historical descriptions of England