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HOLMES. 153 HOLOPTYCHIUS. letters. The standard edition of his works is the Riverside, in fifteen volumes (Boston, 1892). HOLMES, OuvEB Wexdell, Jb. (1841 — ). Au American jurist, son of Dr. O. W. Holmes. He was born in Boston; was educated at Har- vard; served in tlie Civil War, and was three times wounded — at Ball's Blufl", at Antietam, and at Fredericksburg. He practiced law in Boston; edited the American Law Rcvieic (1870- 73); became professor of law at Harvard in 1882; and in the same year entered the Massachu- setts Supreme Court, of which he became Chief Justice in 1899. In 1902 he was named to suc- ceed .Justice Gray in the United States Supreme Court. Holmes edited the twelfth edition of Kent's Commentaries and published his own Lowell Institute lectures, The Common Law (1881). HOLMES, Theophilus Hunter (1804-80). An American soldier, prominent on the Confed- erate side in the Civil ^^■ar. He was born in Sampson County, X. C, graduated at West Point in 1829, served in the Florida War and the War with Mexico, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was acting as superintendent of the gen- eral recuiting service, with the rank of major. In April, 1801, he resigned his commission in the United States Army, and for a time was engaged in organizing the State troops of North Carolina. He became a brigadier-general in the Confederate service soon after the secession of his State, com- manded the Confederates in the engagement at Aquia Creek, was promoted to be major-general, and from September, 18G2, to March, 180.3. was in command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general. On July 3. 1803, he made an unsuccessful attack on Helena, Ark. HOLMES, William Hexby (1846—). An American geologist. He was bom near Cadiz, Ohio, and after graduating at the JlcXeely Normal Col- lege (1870), was assistant on the United States Geological Survey (1872-80). During that period he accompanied Dr. F. V. Hayden's explorations in the Rocky Mountain region, and superintended the survey of the San .Juan territory until tlie re- organization of the survey (1880) when he was appointed geologist in charge of the department of illustrations : had charge of the arrlia'ological explorations of the Bureau of Ethnologv in 1889-93; in 1894-98 was professor of archipologic geologj- at the University of Chicago; and in 1898 was made curator of the United States National Museum. He edited geo- logical publications, including Hayden's At- las of Colorado and the eleventh and twelfth re- ports of the Geological Survey, and publislied re[)orts on the cliff ruins of the San Juan country, and on aboriginal American art and arch-Tologj-. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. HOLMGEEN, hdlm'gren. Alarik Feithiof (1831 ■97 1. A Swedish physiologist, born in Vestra Ny (East Gotland), and educated at the X'niversity of Upsala, at the University of Berlin under DuBois-Reymond and Helmholtz, and under Briicke and Ludwig in Vienna. In 1804 he became professor of physiology at t'psala, the first chair in that subject in Swe- den, and soon afterw.nrds founded a physiological l.Tboratory. His medical studies were mostly in the field of ophthalmology, and he was an author- ity on color-blindness; his work on this subject, Om fargblindheten i dess forhillende till jiirn- tagstrafiken och sjoeiisenet (1877) has been translated into many languages. Holmgren was a firm believer in the hygienic value of Swedish gjmnastics. He edited the iSkandinavisches Arcliiv fiir Phi/siolor/ie (1889 sqq.). — His wife, Ax.v Mabgreta Teesmedex (1850 — ). under the pseudonym Miirta BoUe, wrote the novels Iru Htrile (1894) and Sar KiTidar Alf suckar (1896). — His brother. AiGisT Emil Holmgren (1829 — ), is a naturalist of much ability. He wrote: Ichneumonologia Suecica (1804); Hand- bok i Zoologi (1805-71); Om Hmafoglarne (1809)'; and Om skadeinseketer iniomhus (1879), besides other works on entomology and orni- thologj'. HOL'OCEPH'ALI (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. u'/.oc, holoa, entire + Ketpa/.r/, kephale, head). A subclass of cartilaginous fishes, including the single living family Chim^ridie. The num- Ijer of living species is small, but in the remote past they were a dominant group, numerous in species. .See CHlii.EBA. HOLOFERNES, hol'o-fer'nfz, or HOLO- PHERNES. ( 1 ) The stock pedant in Italian comedy. (2) The tutor of Gargantua, in Kabe- lais's Gargantua and Pantagruel, who teaches his pupils to say the alphabet backward. (3) A pedantic schoolmaster in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, said to have been meant for John Florio, author of a dictionary. HOL'OGRAPH (Lat. holographus, from Gk. 6/.6}i)aoiir, written entirely by the author's hand, from o/of, holos, entire -|- ypdiptw, gruiihein, to write ) . A deed or writing wholly by the hand of the maker or author. In those countries which derive their legal systems mainly from the civil, or Roman, law, a holographic writing is deemed to prove itself; that is, proof of the handwriting of the person whose instrument it purports to be is in itself sufficient to authenticate the docu- ment, without formal attestation by subscribing witnesses, notarial seals, and the like. This is true of Scotland. Quebec, and Louisiana, as well as of most Continental States. In the common- law system, however, of England and America, no distinction of superior validity attaches to holographic wrivings. and they require the same formal attestation and the same proof of validity as other writings. See Evidence; HANDWBirnfG, and the authorities there cited. HOLOPTYCHIUS, hol-optikl-us (Neo-Lat., from (Jk. o/of. holos, entire + -rvx>/, ptyche, Tzri'i, ptyx, fold). A genus of fossil ganoid fish of the order Crossopterygii, remains of which are found commonly in the Catskill sandstones of North America and in tbe l>ld Red Sandstone of the British Devonian system. Some of the species were thirty inches long, with rounded tapering bodies, and heterocercal tails. There are two dorsal fins, a pair of long, stout, pointed pec- toral fins, and short pelvic and anal fins. The body was covered with large, rounded (cycloid) scales, the surfaces of which arc marked by prominent ridges of ganoine, a structureless enamel. These scales, of gray or bluish-white color and one to three inches in diameter, are very abundant in some parts of the Catskill for- mation in New York and Pennsylvania. See Catskill Group; Devonian System; Ganoidei; Fossil.