Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/276

HOBSEMANSHIF. 236 HORSE-RACING. Across Country (London, 1882) ; Pellier, L'iqui- laticn iiratiquc (4th ed., I'aris, 1882) ; Ander- son, ilodem Horscmnnnhiii ( Kdinbur<;li, 1884); Karr, The American Uorscicomun (Boston, 1884) ; Hayes, The Ilorsetcoman (London. 1891) ; Kerr, Riding for Ladies (New York, 1891) ; id., I'raclieal Horsemanship (New York, 1891), ) Weir, Hiding, lindniinton Library (London, 1891); English, The Art of Hiding (London, 1890) ; Blunt, Maxims for Training Remount Horses for Militanj I'uriiosrs (New York, 1894) ; Dodfto, h'Ult-rs of Muni/ Lands (New Y'ork, 1894) ; Fleislier, Manual uf Cossack Hiding and Training of Horses, translated (Wasliington, 1898); Schoenbeck, Rcitcn and Fahrcn (Berlin, 1898); Paf^'t, Hunting (New Y'ork, 1900) ; and for hunting. Hunting, in the Badminton Library (London, 188.')) ; Haves, Riding and Hunting (New York, 1900). HOKSE-MEAT. Sec IIiproPUACY. HORSE-MUSSEL. The larpe mussel {Uo- dioln modiolus) j-rowinff abundantly on salt meadows as well as under water. See Mussel. HORSE-NETTLE. See Sol. um. HORSENS, liOr'sf-ns. A seaport of Denmark, in the Provinee of Aarhus. situated at the head of the fiord of Ilorsens, 25 miles southwest of Aarhus (Map: Denmark, C 3). The town pos- sesses a fine church with carvings of the seven- teenth century, an old convent chapel, and a high school. The chief industries are weaving, iron-working, ship-building, and the mamifiieture of woodenwaro and lime. The town carries on an active trade, importing grain, hay, and fer- tilizers, and exporting dairv products, pork, and beef. Population, in ISOO," 17.290; in 1901, 22,- 232. HORSE-POWER, . unit of rate of work, used lo measure the j)erformance of motors. It is based upon the assumption that liorses in general perform a certain constant amount of work in a specihed time; an assumption which is evidently erroneous. The fundamental unit of work is tho foot-pound (q.v. ) ; tint in measuring the work of a horse by this unit, the estimates of the most celebrated engineers differed widely from each other. Boulton and Watt, basing their calcula- tions upon the work of London dray-liorses (working eight liours a day), estimated it at 33,000 foot-pounds jx-r minute. D".Aubuisson, taking tlic work done by horses working on cap- stans at Freiberg, estimated the work at lfi.440 foot-pounds, working eight hours a daj';, under similar circumstances. Desagulier's estimate was 44,000; Smcaton's, 22.000; and Tredgold'.s, 27,- ."iOO footpounds. It matters little, however, what number is assumed, provided the same be always used; and accordingly the original estimate of Watt is still counted a horse-power. In calcu- lating the power of a steam-engine in terms of this unit, the general rule is to multiply together the pressure in pounds on a square inch of the piston, the area of the piston in inches, the length of the stroke in feet, and the number of strokes per minute; the result divided by 33,000 will give the horse-power. There is an increa-sing tendency, particularly in electrical machinery, to use the kilowatt as a unit of rate work. This unit is equal to ^% of a horsepower. HORSE - RACING. The earliest recorded organized trial* of speed with horses were the chariot-races at the Greek national festivals, of which the most notable were the Ulympie games (q.v.), held every fourth year. Greek sculpture frequently represents the horse as used for rid- ing, apparently without a saddle in most cases; but not as so employed for sport, except as an incident to the chariot-racing. On the other hand, the horses in the Koinan contests were to a very great extent ridden. All the formalities of entering, and of dilfercntiation of classes, and of stiirting were minutely laid down and followed, even to the color of the riders' uniforms. In the earlier times these Roman races were held on the open plain. There has always been a tradi- tion in England that on Salisbury Plain, just outside Stonehenge, the remains of a Roman race- course exist; and the oldest race which still takes place in England is run over a flat meadow just out-side the walls of the Roman city of Chester. In fact, the conclusion seems almost certain from the similarities in ollicers and methods that horse-racing was one of the legacies left to Britain by its Roman conquerors. The natives, too, were great horsemen and charioteers, and contests were likely enough to be provoked at tin- feats which the Romans took with them the world over. Their successors, the Saxons, main- tained the use and training of the horse; when Hugh Capet sought the hand of the sister of King Athelstan, in the ninth century, hr brought as a propitiatory present several 'run ning horses.' Fitzstephcn. in his description of the city of London, written at the end of the twelfth century, says that "races are common, of which the gentry and wealthy citizens are ver f(md." In the metrical romance of "Bevis of Hamtoun," we get our first glance of a regular recurring annual meet of racing horses. In 1.^40 the Mayor of Chester presented a silver bell to be given to tho winner of a race five times round 'The Roody.' The liorse that won not only bore away the bell, but eight or ten pounds, "which moneys were collected of the citizens for that purpose." By the reign of James I. ( 1003-2.') l j)ublie race meetings were held at Garterly in Y'orkshire, Croydon in Surrey, Linton in Cam- bridgeshire, and on Enfield Chase. In the day-^ of his successor. Charles I., Ne^vmarket, now t)i. metropolis of the racing world, first came into prominence, and Oliver Cromwell, whose farm at Coveney was only a few miles from New- market, bred and kept race-horses. Charles II. was a great patron of the turf. He built .a house- at Newmarket, and was a regular attendant there. From that time onward modern flat ra< ing has a uniform history of progress. The horses that practice flat racing are known the world over as thoroughbreds, yet as a matter of fact they are the product of cross-breeding continued for many centuries. Vegctius. who wrote in the fourth century', gave to African horses of Spanish blood the first place as chariot- racers, but commended the Persian as the be>t saddle-horse. .Tames I. bought a very celebrated Arab for breeding purposes; but the Darley Barb, imported in 1705. laid the foundation (through his great-grandson Eclipse, born 17C4) of the modem turf. He was the sire of Almanza and -Meppo. but his best-known son was Flying Childers. This importation was followed by many others of sires and dams, among which the Taf- frtlet Barb and the white-legged Lowther Barb are the best known. The. Byerly Turk pro-