Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/280

HORSESHOEING. 240 HORSLEY. shoe sliaiilil lost, lire the only portions wliioh re- quire p.iring, and then not with the knife, but with tlic rnsj). 'I'here is considerahK> dill'ercnce of opinion anion;; authorities with regard to the various details of slux'inp, but all are agreed on the barbarity as well as uselessness of the frog and sole mutilation alnady described. The shoe should be as light in weiglit as the f'ireuinstanees will jierniit, the deteriiiiiiing fac- tors being the weight of the horse and llie nature of the work it must do. The old adage that "an ounce at the toe means a pound at the withers' i.s undoubtedly true in es.senco, but a still greater liandieap is the increased concussion inseparable from progression. It is not true that a heavy shoe neees.sarily wears longer than a light one. while it is well known that a light shoe is just as etfective as a heavy one in performing its legitimate mission of preventing iiiidiir wear of the walls of the hoof. The shoe should be made to conform exactly to the natural tread of the foot, anil should be permitted on no account to remain on for too long a time, as the truncated cone of the hoof, which has its base downward, constantly in<rea.ses in circumference, so that in lime the sIkm' iK'comcs too small and a source of pain to the Ikmsc. roinmon errors in shoeing are the emiiliiyiiicnt of loo many and too heavy nails, and the driving of them too high up into the walls. If shoes could be securely attached and safely worn without I he use of nails much would be gained: but although numerous alter- native devices have been put on the market, the best of which fastens the shoe by means of metal bands or stubs, none has been found to be gener- ally satisfactory. Viiil(r shnritifi demands that the shoe be capable of allording foothold as well as protection against undue wear, and for this purpose shoes are made fashioncil with toe and licel calks, or calkins. Care is necessary to avoid making the calks any larger than is absolutely necessary, or else seriou.s injury may be dcme to the horse. The art of shiH'ing for specilic purposes is of American origin, and is a result of the devel- opment of the trotter. At first, designed to influence speed or aclion. shoes are now made to remedy defects, natural or a<f|uired. due to faulty conformation or bad habits. Shoes for racers, trotters, and speed hors<>s generallv have an adaptable variety of form and principle. Among those designed to remedy defects in the horse most generally employed in the business and pleasure of the community at large may be men- tioned the scoop-toed or roller-motion shoe for (he fore feet and a shoe for the hind feet, de- signed to do awa.v with 'forging' or 'clicking.' The scooped or rolled toe hastens the action of the fore legs, and enables thi'iu to avoid being struck by the hind foot; while the lengthening of the branches of the hind shoes, by increasing the pround surface, retards the 'breaking over' of (he hind foot. A common practice to 'open' the action is to increa.se the outside web of the hind shoes. The faults of 'dishing' or 'paddling' are remedic'l by similar devices. The principal dis- eases common to neglected or faulty shoeing will be founil treated under Horse, or under their o^vn title throughout the book. BlBi.iooRAPiiY. Fitzwygrans, yolea on the Shocinfi of IJomen (London, ISfiS) ; Russell, 8ci- enlific Horseshoeing for the Different Diseases of the Foot (Cincinnati, 1870) ; Richardson, The Praelieal florseShoer {Sew York, 1889) ; C. A. Schmidt. Ucr nitionelle llufbesrhlug ( Hrcslau, 1892) ; Fisher. The I'arrier ( London," IMlKt) ; tiu- teniicker. Die Lrhre torn Uufbeschlay (ath ed., Stuttgart, lH!)ti) ; Lungwitz, .1 Textbook of Horse- shueimi for llorseshocrs and Vclerinurians, trans. (I'hiladclphia. IS'.IS,. HORSESHOES, Lick op. See Supebstitiox. HORSESHOE - SNAKE (so called from its marking- 1. A l.ngc. liaiMUnmcly marked colu- brine serpent {Zumcnis hippoerv/iis) of the Medi- terranean region, closely allied to the American blacksiKikf'. HORSETAIL i .so called from the shape). A common name given to species of Eipiisctum ('scouring rush'), a genus whi<'li represents nnc; of the three great divisions of fern plants (pteri- dophytcs). ,See Kgvi.sETLM. HORS'FORD, KuEx Norton (1318-9.'!). An American clicmist. born at Moscow, N. Y. He graduated as a civil engineer at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 18.'(8, and was engaged during the lollowing year on the g»H)logical sur- vey of New York .Stale. In 1840 he became pro- fessor in the Albany Female Academy. In 1844 he went to (k'nuany and studied chemistry for two years under Liebig. From 1847 to ISIi."? he held the Kumford professorship of applicnl science at Harvard Cnllcgc, He endowed the library and laboratory of Wellcslcy College, and was tuie of the first professors in the Lawrence .Scientillc School. He left Harvard to engage in clieiiiical manufactures. He was interested in antiquarian research, and was generally credited at one time with having identilied the site of the supposed Xorse settlement Norumbega (q.v.) as being on the Charles Kivcr near Itoston. His dictionary of the lro(]uois and Algonquin languages is a val- uable CDiitriliution to Indian philology. He pub- lished The Diseoecri) of Xorttmbega (1892). HORSLEY, hi-irs'll. Cii.vrle.s Eiav.vru (1822- 7G). .ri Knglish organist, pianist, ami musical composiT. born in London. A pupil of his father, William Horsley. of Moschelcs. Haiiptmann, and Mendelssohn, and a friend of Spohr. lie began musical composition while sfudving in Oermany, and an overture by him was rendered at Cassel in 184.5. He was organist of Saint .lohn's, Not- ting Hill. London ( 18.">.'?-,')7) . but went to Aus- tralia in 1808, and thence to America in 1870. where he died. He was the author of three oratori<is: Darld (184fi); Joseph (1849); and Gideon (18(i0) ; besides music for Milton's Comus (ISfiO) : Kuterpe. an ode for the inauguration of Melbourne Citv Hall (1870) : and a Texl-liook of llnrmonii (1870). published after his death. HORSLEY, .loiix Callcott (1817-1903). An Knglish genre painter. He was born at liroinp- ton, and studied at the Royal Academy's schools. Later he was one of the head masters at the School of Design, Somerset House. He received several prizes for his cartoons at the AVestmin- stcr Hail competition in 1843. and painted al fresco the "Spirit of Prayer," in the House of Lords, and "Satan Tninhed by Ithuriel's Spear," in the Poets' Hall of the Palace of Westminster. Some of his other works are "Malvolio the Sun," "L'.Mlegro," and '"11 Penseroso," "Under (lie Mistletoe," "Causht Napping," "Scenes from Pon Quixote," "Healing Mercies of Christ," "Wed- ding Rings," and "Hide and Seek." The coloring