Mexican Republic, separate from the State of Coahuila, with which Texas had hitherto been joined and in which the anti-American party was predominant. The rejection of the Constitution and the attempt to disarm the Americans led to open warfare, and Houston was then chosen general of the military district east of Trinity River, and soon afterwards commander-in-chief of the Texan army. At the head of a small force of undrilled volunteers he led in the military movements which resulted in the defeat of Santa Anna on the San Jacinto, April 21-22, 1836, and in the independence of Texas. In September he was elected President of Texas, was inaugurated October 22d. and served again from 1841 to 1844. The annexation of Texas to the United States, in 1845, was due to his negotiations, and he was one of its representatives in the Senate from 1846 to 1859. In 1859 he was again elected Governor of Texas, but opposed secession in 1861, and refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States, for which, on March 18, 1861, he was deposed. He then retired to Huntsville, Tex., where, on July 25, 1863, he died. Consult: Williams, Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas (Boston, 1893); Crane, Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam Houston (Philadelphia, 1884); and Bruce, Life of General Houston (New York, 1891), in the “Makers of America Series.” See Texas.
HOUTMAN, hout′mȧn, Cornelis. A famous Dutch traveler and founder of trade with the East Indies, born at Gouda in the middle of the sixteenth century. He went on a trading voyage with his brother, Frederik, to Lisbon in 1593, where he was thrown into a debtor's prison. Released by a friend, he studied the Portuguese routes to the Far East, and returning with charts to Amsterdam, organized an expedition which sailed in four ships out of the Texel (1595). He rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed through the Straits of Sunda to the south coast of Java, and returned safely to Holland in 1597, having demonstrated an easy route to the Spice Islands. This voyage was followed by many others, and led to the formation of the Dutch East India Company. In a second expedition of two ships in a conflict with the natives of Achin, assisted by the Portuguese, he was killed.—His brother, Frederik, navigator of his fleet, also played an important part in the opening of the East to trade and commerce. In 1598 he was taken prisoner by the King of Achin, but, having been freed by Panlus van Caarden, he reached Holland in 1601, and in December, 1603, went again to the East Indies, and was Governor of Amboyna during six years. In 1609 he became commander of twenty-three ships, and in 1625 was honored with a gold medal for having opened the treasures of the East to Dutch enterprise. Almost as great as his exploits in war and commerce and explorations were his linguistic attainments. Having learned the Malay language during his captivity in Achin, he opened the Malay languages to European study. In 1603 he published a dictionary with grammatical notes of Malay and Madagascar, with comparison of many Arabic and Turkish words, which work was republished in 1680 as a grammar and dictionary of Dutch and Malay. In 1880 bronze statues of the brothers Houtman were erected at Gouda, from models by Strackée of Amsterdam.
HOUYHNHNMS, ho͞o-ĭn′’mz or ho͞o′ĭn’mz. An imaginary nation of horses, of highly advanced civilization, gifted with reason and without passions, which Gulliver visits, in the fourth part of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Their nature is supposed in the story to be as far superior to that of humanity as it is inferior in actual life.
HOVA. See Madagascar, Ethnology.
HOVE. A town in Sussex, England, on the English Channel, west of and adjacent to Brighton (Map: England, F 6). It has all the characteristics of its larger neighbor, handsome streets, avenues, squares, public buildings, parks and recreation grounds, marine walk, baths, etc., and is lighted with electricity. It maintains a free library, with news-room, lending and reference departments. Population, in 1891, 28,300; in 1901, 36,500.
HOVEDON, hŭv′den or hōv′den, Roger of (?-c.1201). An English chronicler, born probably at Howden, in Yorkshire. He was clerk in the household of Henry II., and was employed by him on various missions. He was appointed an itinerant justice for the forests of Cumberland, Northumberland, and Yorkshire in 1189, and is supposed to have retired to Howden to write his chronicle. This begins with the year 732. Most of the work is copied, but from 1192 to 1201 is in his own writing, and has a certain value. The Chronicle was edited by Bishop Stubbs (1868-71, 4 vols.).
HOVELACQUE, ō̇v’-lȧk′, Alexandre Abel (1843-96). French linguist and anthropologist, born in Paris. He was a pupil of Chavée in languages, and of Broca in comparative anatomy. In 1876 he was one of the founders of the Ecole d'Anthropologie, in which he was made professor of linguistic ethnography, and of which, after the death of Gavarret, he became director (1890). In spite of his scientific interests, he took an active part in politics as an extreme Republican. His works include: Mélanges des linguistique et d'anthropologie (1889, with Emile Picot and Julien Vinson); Les races humaines (1882); and Précis d'anthropologie (1887, with G. Hervé). In 1886 Hovelacque and Chavée founded the Revue de Linguistique.
HO′VEN. See Bloat.
HO′VENDEN, Thomas (1810-95). An American genre painter, born in Dunmanway, Ireland, he studied at the Cork School of Art, and at the National Academy of Design after he came to America, in 1863. Afterwards he was a pupil of Cabanel in Paris. He was elected a National Academician in 1882, and was a member of the American Water-Color Society, the Society of American Artists, and the Philadelphia Society of Artists. His “John Brown Being Led to Execution” is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. His other works include: “In the Hands of the Enemy,” “Jerusalem the Golden,” “Chloë and Sam,” and “Breton Interior.” His composition is dramatic and effective, and his pictures are very popular.
HOVEY, hō′vĭ or hŭv′ĭ, Alvah (1820-1903). An American Baptist theologian. He was born at Greene, N. Y., and graduated at Dartmouth in 1844 and at the Newton Theological Institution in 1848. After a year spent in the ministry he returned to Newton Centre as a teacher, became professor of Church history (1853), of theology and Christian ethics (1855), and was president from 1868 until 1899, and afterwards was pro-
